Showing papers on "Unitary state published in 1982"

New “large” groups of type I

Abstract: All unitary representations of certain “infinite-dimensional,” completely disconnected groups of type I are described.

Time-orthogonal unitary dilations and noncommutative Feynman-Kac formulae

Abstract: An analysis of Feynman-Kac formulae reveals that, typically, the unperturbed semigroup is expressed as the expectation of a random unitary evolution and the perturbed semigroup is the expectation of a perturbation of this evolution in which the latter perturbation is effected by a cocycle with certain covariance properties with respect to the group of translations and reflections of the line We consider generalisations of the classical commutative formalism in which the probabilistic properties are described in terms of non-commutative probability theory based on von Neumann algebras Examples of this type are generated, by means of second quantisation, from a unitary dilation of a given self-adjoint contraction semigroup, called the time orthogonal unitary dilation, whose key feature is that the dilation operators corresponding to disjoint time intervals act nontrivially only in mutually orthogonal supplementary Hilbert spaces

Fragmentation and Segmentation versus Integration? Reflections on the concepts of Indian feudalism and the segmentary state in Indian history

Abstract: At present there exist at least three different structural models for the early medieval Indian kingdoms of the post-Gupta and pre-Delhi Sultanate period (c. 550-1200 A.D.): (i) The "conventional model" of a rather unitary, centrally organized kingdom with a strong central bureaucracy; (ii) the Marxist-influenced "Indian feudalism model" of decentralized feudal states (which, however, presupposes the existence of an earlier rather strong central state which had been weakened through feudalization of the society); and (iii) the model of a "segmentary state" which allots the Hindu kingdom a position on a continuum of governance formation between the tribal "stateless" form of government and the unitary state.

The Making of Italy as an Experiment in Constitutional Choice

Abstract: In his reflections on the history of European state making, Charles Tilly notes that the victory of unitary principles of organization has obscured the fact that federal principles were alternative design criteria in The Formation of National States in Western Europe.1 Centralized commonwealths emerged from relatively autonomous, uncoordinated, and lesser political structures. Tilly further reminds us that "(n)othing could be more detrimental to an understanding of this whole process than the old liberal conception of European history as the gradual creation and extension of political rights . . . . Far from promoting (representative) institutions, early state-makers struggled against them."2 The unification of Italy in the nineteenth century was also a victory of centralized principles, but the Risorgimento differed from earlier European state making in several respects. First, the prospect of a single political regime for the entire Italian peninsula and islands generated considerable debate as to which model of government was best suited to a population which had lived under separate and diverse political regimes for more than thirteen hundred years. Second, the unitary system that emerged was the product of a conscious choice among alternatives of organization and conduct of government. Third, Italian state making was intended to realize, promote, and advance what Tilly calls "the old liberal conception of European history."3 Finally, federal principles of organization were such a part of the Italian political tradition that the victory of unitary principles failed to eclipse them completely. Indeed, they gained renewed support after 1860, as government performance radically deviated from expectations. The establishment of regional and * Research supported by the Canada CouncillConseil des Arts du Canada. The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research of McGill University has contributed many essential ingredients to this article.

L'Etat et ses trois niveaux: le régime, la gouverne et la politie

Abstract: The State and Its Three Levels: Regime, Governance and PolityThis article is not simply a summary of the analytical framework already presented in the earlier, principal theoretical works of the author. It goes beyond the simple exercise of schematic brevity by adding some new elements: the notion of collective action groups between those of social classes and interest groups; a first transposition of a schema conceived for the classical unitary state to one applicable to the federal, or “multiple,” state; and a new formulation of the three analytical levels, specifically those characterizing this theoretical framework, which go by the labels of “regime,” “governance,” and “polity.”The article is divided into three parts corresponding to the study of the three levels and connected by an equal number of “thresholds” of levels. The conclusion points out the lines of transposition for the study of a federal state and the directions of research for the analysis of political change.

Canadian and Australian farm interest groups

Abstract: It is not surprising that the organization and behaviour of farm organizations differ depending upon whether they operate in unitary or federal states or in parliamentary or congressional type environment. The question is how different or similar are they and their behaviour in states which are both federal and both parliamentary. This article examines the variations between Australian and Canadian farm organizations and examines some of the possible explanations for them. Some of the differences stem from the origins of the organizations, others from variations in the two countries’ political institutions or their usages.

The Government of the United Kingdom

Abstract: The United Kingdom has a unitary but not a uniform system of government. It is a union of domains once governed as separate kingdoms, which even today show the effects of the pre-history that led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, subsequently contracted to Northern Ireland in 1921. The Crown in Parliament is the sole source of authority, but it is not a singular institution. It is an idea of indefinite territorial expanse. The Crown in Parliament does not govern all parts of the United Kingdom uniformly or through uniform institutions, nor is its authority confined to the boundaries of the United Kingdom.

Particles and holes in the unitary group method

Abstract: Based on the definition for complementary Gel'fand states, we proved the simple relationship between the matrix elements of particle states and those of hole states by unitary calculus.

Imbedding of a group of measure-preserving diffeomorphisms into a semidirect product and its unitary representations

Abstract: The author considers the group of diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold that preserve a measure , and describes its unitary representations whose restrictions to any subgroup , where , are continuous on with respect to convergence in measure in . As an example, a family of representations indexed by the nonzero elements is studied.Bibliography: 12 titles.

Unitary equivalence of linear transport models

Abstract: One simple unitary transformation is provided between the linear transport model of R. Beals and a model presented else-where. Special attention is paid to similar relationships in electron transport theory.