Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1996"
300 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of trees on local-scale surface energy balance fluxes was investigated using eddy correlation methods for two suburban neighborhoods with higher (30%) and lower (10%) tree and shrub cover, in the San Gabriel Valley of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, California, USA.
Abstract: Trees are an important but little studied component of the urban canopy which have distinct climatic effects. This study investigates the influence of trees on local-scale surface energy balance fluxes. Simultaneous energy balance observations were conducted using eddy correlation methods for 2 suburban neighborhoods with higher (30%) and lower (10%) tree and shrub cover, in the San Gabriel Valley of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, California, USA. Data were collected on the materials and morphology of the urban surface through a combination of aerial photo analysis and field surveys and analyzed using a geographic information system. Information on external water use was obtained from questionnaires and the analysis of water use data from bi-monthly bills. In terms of the relative partitioning of energy, the effects of the trees are as expected: at the higher tree coverage neighborhood (HTN) the latent heat flux is increased as a fraction of net all-wave radiation, so too is the storage heat flux, whereas the sens~ble heat flux is decreased. However, in absolute terms, all fluxes, including the sensible heat flux, are enhanced at the HTN. A combination of lower albedos and lower surface temperatures in the HTN result in reduced loss of solar and longwave radiation respectively. Thus at the HTN there is greater net all-wave radiation, hence a greater amount of energy to be dissipated. Above the canopy, temperatures are slightly greater in the neighborhood with higher tree cover.
116 citations
TL;DR: The most important changes will be induced by increasing human pressure of various kinds: increasing population, both in rural and urban contexts, continuing oil developments, and larger numbers of ambitious water developments as mentioned in this paper.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the surface temperature distributions of all urban surfaces via a new index based on sensible heat flux, named the heat island potential (HIP), which can be employed in urban development planning to evaluate the urban thermal environment.
66 citations
TL;DR: The knowledge obtained from urban thermal studies needs to be transferred to planners and architects in such a way that this can influence the approach to physical planning and be applied in practice as mentioned in this paper.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the objectives and methods adopted in different climate-sensitive design courses given by the authors to promote the integration of urban climate control in the planning and architectural design process, at the graduate and post-graduate level.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined urbanization patterns in China over the past 40 years noting various changes and relating them to Chinas urban policy and its changing global relationships and found that Chinas unique urban pattern results from national policies designed to shape urban growth.
Abstract: People throughout much of the developing world flock to urban centers in search of jobs and a higher standard of living. In such rapidly urbanizing centers the supply of labor typically exceeds the available number of jobs leading to cities with enormous informal labor sectors massive poverty squatter settlements and shantytowns and many homeless people. China too has undergone rapid urbanization since 1949. However since 1960 the country has set itself apart from other developing countries by its comparatively lower growth rates in both the urban proportion and the absolute size of its urban population controlled and dispersed city establishment and successful population stabilization in large cities. Chinas unique urban pattern results from national policies designed to shape urban growth. This paper examines urbanization patterns in China over the past 40 years noting various changes and relating them to Chinas urban policy and its changing global relationships.
34 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the hypothesis of the research dualistic labour market and rural urban migration in China was investigated and some casual investigations of rural urban migrating some tests of the hypothesis were conducted.
Abstract: Human migration and its literature the hypothesis of the research dualistic labour market and rural urban migration in China rural urban migration in China some casual investigations of rural urban migration some tests of the hypothesis.
28 citations
28 citations
TL;DR: An accounts-based urban—rural population model, in which rural to urban migration and transition are driven by the foregoing demoeconomic model, is established and used to make urban—Rural population projections for the period 1988–2087 under various fertility rate assumptions.
Abstract: The population of China is still growing despite a dramatic decline in fertility in the past two decades. There are marked urban—rural differentials in fertility and, as a result, the pace of urbanization has significant effects on population growth. In this research an attempt is made to model urban—rural population growth in China. A demoeconomic model of urban and rural sectors is calibrated to account for the long-term trend of urbanization in China. Two important components of urban population growth—rural to urban migration and transition—are considered. In previous research, rural to urban population transition was ignored and thus urbanization levels may be significantly underprojected. An accounts-based urban—rural population model, in which rural to urban migration and transition are driven by the foregoing demoeconomic model, is established in this research. These models are used to make urban—rural population projections for the period 1988–2087 under various fertility rate assumptions.
26 citations
Posted Content•
01 Mar 1996
TL;DR: Analysis corroborates that although the overall level of urbanization remained low, the sheer magnitude of total urban population has become formidable in Bangladesh.
Abstract: The author analyzes "levels and trends of urbanization in Bangladesh. It also makes an attempt to elucidate the implications of urbanization.... The...analysis corroborates that although the overall level of urbanization remained low the sheer magnitude of total urban population has become formidable." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The objective of the present work is the determination of bioclimatic design strategies for the urban area of San Juan city, taking into account temperature and relative humidity data obtained for this area through mobile measurements.
TL;DR: The debate in recent years on the appropriate development of the urban form of Australia's largest cities has in many respects brought the wider issues surrounding urban planning policy into the community at large as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The debate in recent years on the appropriate development of the urban form of Australia's largest cities has in many respects brought the wider issues surrounding urban planning policy into the community at large.
TL;DR: In this paper, how to direct the functioning of the urban water system for sustainable development was examined in four studies and the first two studies focused on challenges to sustainable development; population growth and climate change.
Abstract: An urban water system is an interface between water in the natural environment and an urban community. In this paper, how to direct the functioning of the urban water system for sustainable development was examined in four studies. The first two studies focused on challenges to sustainable development; population growth and climate change. A survey of Grand River basin municipalities established that urban community growth is indeed an issue. Major municipalities are expected to grow by 70% – 86% between 1991 and 2041. A study of the effect of climate change in the Grand River basin investigated possible seasonal changes in river flows, with implications for water supply and wastewater assimilation. The study indicated that river flows in fall and early winter could be lower by 28% – 47%. Two studies were concerned with planning with these challenges in mind. One case study of water supply, water demand management, and wastewater treatment in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo identified several areas ...
TL;DR: An analitical system for urban climate is developed with the aid of GeographycalImformation System (GIS) based on personal computers and an expert system to assess thermal structure of towns is also developed and tested.
Abstract: An analitical system for urban climate is developed with the aid of GeographycalImformation System (GIS) based on personal computers. Basic data necessary for analyzing thermal environment of urban areas are systematically processed, transformed to maps and exhibited on the display. For example, grid data of artificial heat emission from three kinds of sources, i.e., households, business and commercial buildings, and motor vehicles can be visually demonstrated on a map.“Thermal Environmental Diagnosis System” or an expert system to assess thermal structure of towns is also developed and tested for Kumamoto City.
TL;DR: The value of trees in urban areas has long been established as discussed by the authors, and trees offer significant opportunities as buffers of pollution on the pollution pathway, and pruning strategies of local authorities will aff...
Abstract: The value of trees in urban areas has long been established. Trees offer significant opportunities as buffers of pollution on the pollution pathway. Pruning strategies of local authorities will aff...
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between rural depopulation and urbanization in Sarawak is investigated using data released from the 1991 census of population and dwellings, and it is shown that rates of urban growth into the early 1990s were proportional to urban size which means that most of the growth is occurring in the three major urban centers.
Abstract: Using data released from the 1991 census of population and dwellings this article addresses the measurement of the relationship between rural depopulation and urbanization in Sarawak. It begins by introducing the latest census results on the level of urbanization then turns to the redistribution of the population over the Sarawak settlement system. It is noted that rates of urban growth into the early 1990s were proportional to urban size which means that most of the growth is occurring in the three major urban centers. This unusually rapid growth in the largest three urban centers in the state is highlighted in the analysis. However the ability of potential intermediate centers to redirect the stream of rural urban migrants is questioned. Overall evidence during the 1990 suggests that only unprecedented immigration of a rural based labor force from outside Malaysia is likely to show this net redistribution of the population.
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the same economic factors which stimulate outward growth also create problems within the older built-up area, such as urban decay, economic decline, pollution, inadequate conservation, traffic congestion and neglected housing.
Abstract: In Chapter 15 we saw that, as the city grows, decisions have to be taken on the structural form that overspill should take. But the same economic factors which stimulate outward growth also create problems within the older built-up area – urban decay, economic decline, pollution, inadequate conservation, traffic congestion and neglected housing.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of CFD analyses of flow over the Kanto plane were presented, where the model for geophysical flow problems developed by Mellor and Yamada was used for turbulence modelling.
Abstract: The results of CFD analyses of flow over the Kanto plane were presented in this paper. Here, the model for geophysical flow problems developed by Mellor and Yamada was used for turbulence modelling. The diurnal variation of the flowfield was predicted imposing the typical meteorological conditions at the end of July as boundary conditions. The results of predictions were compared with measured data. The effects of the change in land-use conditions caused by urbanization on the local climate were discussed by examining the energy budget at the ground surface.