Showing papers on "Women's work published in 2009"
TL;DR: The author examines how intersections of race and gender combine to shape experiences for minority men in the culturally feminized field of nursing and finds that the upward mobility implied by the glass escalator is not uniformly available to all men who do “women's work.”
Abstract: Many men who work in women's professions experience a glass escalator effect that facilitates their advancement and upward mobility within these fields. Research finds that subtle aspects of the interactions, norms, and expectations in women's professions push men upward and outward into the higher-status, higher-paying, more “masculine” positions within these fields. Although most research includes minority men, little has explicitly considered how racial dynamics color these men's encounters with the mechanisms of the glass escalator. In this article, the author examines how intersections of race and gender combine to shape experiences for minority men in the culturally feminized field of nursing and finds that the upward mobility implied by the glass escalator is not uniformly available to all men who do “women's work.” The author concludes that the glass escalator is a racialized concept and a gendered one and considers the implications of this for future studies of men in feminized occupations.
277 citations
TL;DR: The lack of senior female role models continues to be cited as a key barrier to women's career success as discussed by the authors, but there is little academic research into the gendered aspects of role modelling in organizations, or the utility of role models at a senior level.
Abstract: The lack of senior female role models continues to be cited as a key barrier to women’s career success. Yet there is little academic research into the gendered aspects of role modelling in organizations, or the utility of role models at a senior level. The paper starts with a review of papers examining the construction of role models in organizational settings. This leads to the inclusion of two related areas – organizational demographics as the contextual factor affecting the availability of role models and how they are perceived, and work identity formation as a possible key explanatory factor behind the link between the lack of senior female role models and the lack of career progression to top organizational levels. Literature looking at social theories of identity formation is then considered from a gender perspective. The key gaps identified are that whilst the behavioural value of role models has been well documented, a better understanding is needed of how gender and organizational demography influence the role modelling process. Importantly, the symbolic value and possibly other values of female role models in the identity construction of senior women require further in-depth investigation. Finally this review calls for a more integrated approach to the study of role models and work identity formation, pulling together literatures on organizational demography, the cognitive construal of role models and the importance for successful work identity formation in senior women.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the mechanisms underlying the gender wage gap among new lawyers and find that women's work is less valued and rewarded than men's, which suggests new directions for research on gendered compensation.
Abstract: This article seeks to identify the mechanisms underlying the gender wage gap among new lawyers. Relying on nationally representative data to examine the salaries of lawyers working fulltime in private practice, we find a gender gap of about 5 percent. Identifying four mechanisms – work profiles, opportunity paths and structures, credentials, and legal markets – we first estimate how much of the gap stems from the differential valuation of women's endowments; second, we estimate the effects of different endowments for men and women; and third we assess both these possibilities. The analyses indicate that none of these mechanisms can fully account for the gender gap. Experimental studies that indicate women's work is less valued and rewarded than men's suggest new directions for research on gendered compensation.
100 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the changing role of women's paid work outside the home in Canada and the US since the late nineteeth century and provided a longitudinal analysis of clerical work: a job sector that has constantly ranked as one of the top occupations for women in both countries.
Abstract: This paper examines the changing role of women’s paid work outside the home in Canada and the US since the late nineteeth century. In particular we provide a longitudinal analysis of clerical work: a job sector that has constantly ranked as one of the top occupations for women in both countries. Drawing on empirical evidence from both Canada and the US we examine women’s participation in the white-collar workforce in three time periods: the late nineteenth century to the 1930s, mid-century to the early 1970s, and the 1970s to the present day. We argue that although clerical work has long been considered a ‘good job for women’, the content of what this means has changed under different economic circumstances and at different cultural moments. Ultimately, we argue that a range of processes have re-defined women’s place in the white-collar workforce, as well as the role clerical work plays in women’s lives. By teasing out these links we contribute to scholarship on the history of clerical work and the white-collar workplace, as well as debates about the social effects of economic change.
60 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between older women's personal incomes and their work histories in the UK, US and West Germany was investigated using data from several large scale longitudinal surveys, and they found that the relationship was strongest in West Germany and weakest in UK, where there is evidence of a pensions' poverty trap and where only predominantly full-time employment is associated with significantly higher incomes in later life.
Abstract: Using data from several large scale longitudinal surveys, this paper investigates the relationship between older women’s personal incomes and their work histories in the UK, US and West Germany. By comparing three countries with very different welfare regimes, we seek to gain a better understanding of the interaction between the life course, pension system and women’s incomes in later life. The association between older women’s incomes and work histories is strongest in West Germany and weakest in the UK, where there is evidence of a pensions’ poverty trap and where only predominantly full-time employment is associated with significantly higher incomes in later life, after controlling for other socio-economic characteristics. Work history matters less for widows (in all three countries) and more for younger birth cohorts and more educated women (UK only). We conclude with a brief discussion of the ‘women-friendliness’ of different pension regimes in the light of our analysis.
41 citations
TL;DR: An exploratory content analysis of the portrayal of sexuality, sexual health and disease in select magazines designed for two groups of women: teenagers and women in the 40–50‐year‐old age category in the USA found that magazine portrayal was both similar and distinctly different.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to report on an exploratory content analysis of the portrayal of sexuality, sexual health and disease in select magazines designed for two groups of women: teenagers and women in the 40–50‐year‐old age category in the USA. The analysis found that magazine portrayal was both similar for the two groups of women and distinctly different. Neither group of magazines focused on women's sexual desire. Both kinds of magazines emphasized that it was women's work and worry to control sexual expression. Teenagers were described as responsible for avoiding sex in order to prevent pregnancy, fearsomely described STIs and untrustworthy male sexual partners. Abstinence was presented as the only viable option for young women. Women in the 40–50‐year‐old age group were portrayed as responsible for the emotion work and sexual relations linked to their responsibility for maintaining their marriages and fulfilling their tasks of motherhood, especially through the monitoring of the sexuality of th...
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new twist to the emotion work/emotional labour debate has been introduced in the shape of a conceptual device known as "affective labour" (Hardt and Negri, 2000, 2005; Lazaratto, 2004).
Abstract: Recently a new twist to the emotion work/emotional labour debate has been introduced in the shape of a conceptual device known as 'affective labour' (Hardt and Negri, 2000, 2005; Lazaratto, 2004). The argument presented here suggests that there are some tragic consequences of thinking about emotion work as affective labour and in terms of immaterial labour. This is because, fundamentally, it overlooks the fact emotion work is hard and productive work that is often unrewarded and unrecognised because of its association with the domestic sphere – in effect, women disappear from view as emotional labourers.
33 citations
01 Jun 2009
TL;DR: The International Labour Organization (ILO) (2004b) reported recent information in 2004 as mentioned in this paper, concluding that the proportion of women in the labor force continues to increase and that women are less likely to be in regular wage and salaried employment than men.
Abstract: Women have entered the workplace in increasing numbers during the past two decades in all developed and developing countries. This trend has paralleled women's pursuit of education, particularly education in the professions such as business management, engineering, computer science and technology. Women have made great strides in entering professional and entry-level managerial jobs (Adler and Izraeli, 1988, 1994). The International Labour Organization (ILO) (2004b) reported recent information in 2004. They concluded the following. The proportion of women in the labor force continues to increase. These participation rates, however, are uneven (e.g., East Asia, eighty-three women in the workforce for every 100 men, Middle East, forty women in the workforce for every 100 men). Female unemployment rates worldwide were slightly higher than those of males, but again there was considerable regional variability. Females were less likely to be in regular wage and salaried employment than men. Women who worked were more likely to work in agriculture and services. Women earned less income than men, a gap that has decreased only marginally and slowly. Countries having higher rates of female participation in the workforce also had lower birth rates Women in management research is now increasingly being conducted in a greater number of countries reflecting both the globalization of business and the international competition for talent and the increasing numbers of women pursuing professional and managerial careers (davidson and Burke, 2000; Burke and Nelson, 2001). Cross-cultural research on women in management issues, however, still remains an under-researched and under-developed area of study (Cahoon and Rowney, 2000). What do the numbers show ? Although some had predicted that women would achieve the ranks of senior executive leadership by now, the reality is that few women had reached senior management.
32 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored gendered observations and experiences of executive women on the basis of common world views or lenses through which gender differences are interpreted and understood, including monocultural, statistical and structural.
Abstract: This article explores gendered observations and experiences of executive women on the basis of common world views or lenses through which gender differences are interpreted and understood. Three types of lenses are identified from both the literature and the data: monocultural, statistical and structural. The discussion explores the relationships and ties between each lens noting the overlapping characteristics. A qualitative study is used to index the various themes and the coping strategies employed by executive women in Australia based on specific work experiences in leadership and gender relations. The study adds to existing gender theory by highlighting how gendered lenses can be used to explore gender hierarchies and inequality regimes which lie at the centre of executive women's work.
30 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: Labours of Love: Female Servants and the Marriage Plot The Spatial Syntax of Midwifery and Wetnursing Divine Drudgery: The Spiritual Logic of Housework Household Pedagogies: Female Educators and the Language of Legacy.
Abstract: Labours of Love: Female Servants and the Marriage Plot The Spatial Syntax of Midwifery and Wetnursing Divine Drudgery: The Spiritual Logic of Housework Household Pedagogies: Female Educators and the Language of Legacy
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two cases of paid social reproductive labour performed in the home in New York City are examined: subsidized child care and paid domestic work, and it is demonstrated that there continues to be a persistent and wilful exclusion of this work from regulation, as well as systematic violations of those regulations which do govern the work, constituting what the authors term ''unregulated work''.
Abstract: In this article, two cases of paid social reproductive labour performed in the home in New York City are examined: subsidized child care and paid domestic work. Particular attention is paid to the organization of the industries and the experiences of employees in those worksites. It is demonstrated that there continues to be a persistent and wilful exclusion of this work from regulation, as well as systematic violations of those regulations which do govern the work, constituting what the authors term `unregulated work'. It should be noted that the workers paid by the government are not exempt from this finding, but fit very clearly into this larger pattern.This illustrates the problems which arise from the process of transforming domestic spaces, and communities more broadly, into spaces of wage labour in American cities. It further serves as a powerful re-assertion of the denial of the value of`women's work'.
TL;DR: Women's perceptions of the supports and barriers to maintaining a healthy weight among currently healthy weight women from urban and rural socio-economically disadvantaged areas are described.
TL;DR: In this article, an ethnographic study of a participatory video workshop conducted with rural women in Fiji observed how communities engage with processes of production for empowerment, and the implications for dialogue, community building, and representation within Fiji's fragmented multicultural society.
Abstract: This ethnographic study of a participatory video workshop conducted with rural women in Fiji observed how communities engage with processes of production for empowerment, and the implications for dialogue, community building, and representation within Fiji's fragmented multicultural society. The study found that rural women in Fiji integrate local norms and practices in the production of programme content, and use social capital – their relationships and social networks – as a key element in video production to highlight community needs and linkages. The content produced by the women gave significance to women's work, their abilities, their skills, and their potential as income producers, as well as their empowering networks.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the possibility of a considerable undercounting of women's labor force participation in the official surveys in Iran and explored the reasons behind the underestimation.
Abstract: This paper explores the possibility of a considerable undercounting of women's labor force participation in the official surveys in Iran. According to the official data, the proportion of females in the total active labor force was about 15.5 percent in 2006. Furthermore, according to the official data the share of female in total active labor in agriculture was about 10 percent in 1996. An examination of a large body of field research on the subject, however, suggests a much higher participation rate, about 40 percent of total agricultural labor. This paper will examine these studies and explore the reasons behind the underestimations. Pointing at the growing visibility of urban women in public space, the increasing share of skilled and educated women, rising cost of living, and the need for both male and female incomes to support an urban family, some observers have suggested that the official data underestimate urban female labor participation, as well. Informal urban labor, however, has not been adequ...
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract: Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website as discussed by the authors, in case of legitimate complaints the material will be removed.
Abstract: Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The lack of senior female role models continues to be cited as a key barrier to women's career success as mentioned in this paper, but there is little academic research into the gendered aspects of role modelling in organizations, or the utility of role models at a senior level.
Abstract: The lack of senior female role models continues to be cited as a key barrier to women’s career success. Yet there is little academic research into the gendered aspects of role modelling in organizations, or the utility of role models at a senior level. The paper starts with a review of papers examining the construction of role models in organizational settings. This leads to the inclusion of two related areas – organizational demographics as the contextual factor affecting the availability of role models and how they are perceived, and work identity formation as a possible key explanatory factor behind the link between the lack of senior female role models and the lack of career progression to top organizational levels. The literature looking at social theories of identity formation is then considered from a gender perspective. The key gaps identified are that while the behavioural value of role models has been well documented, a better understanding is needed of how gender and organizational demography influence the role modelling process. Importantly, the symbolic value and possibly other values of female role models in the identity construction of senior women require further in-depth investigation. Finally, this review calls for a more integrated approach to the study of role models and work identity formation, pulling together literatures on organizational demography, the cognitive construal of role models and their importance for successful work identity formation in senior women.
TL;DR: The implications for women's welfare of policy initiatives relating to care of elderly disabled, including improving services to family caregivers, assuring social financing of formal care, raising local provisions to a national standard, and supporting women's return to the labor force after a period of caregiving are discussed.
Abstract: Caregiving issues are important for industrialized societies that have been undergoing population aging. In this article we consider caregiving as a factor in the outlook for midlife and older women with respect to economic security and economic advancement. We use demographic and economic data from the United States, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, in particular to document the importance of continued labor force participation for older women to make ends meet in an era of high household costs of physician services, prescription drugs, and other health-related services, and uncertainties about pensions. Data on employment status, industry, and occupation of economically active women in comparison with men indicate the extent of both gender gaps and progress affecting women's resources. The research of Dr. Myrna Lewis was a stimulus to the present exploration. Our conclusion discusses the implications for women's welfare of policy initiatives relating to care of elderly disabled, including improving services to family caregivers, assuring social financing of formal care, raising local provisions to a national standard, and supporting women's return to the labor force after a period of caregiving. In the context of population aging and longevity, such initiatives are responsive to women's need for earned income to attain retirement security.
TL;DR: The authors explored women's role in, contribution to and attitude towards the gift-giving process on three domains: the buying, giving and receiving of gifts, and found that women remain chief responsible for gift selection and gift giving and invest more time in selecting appropriate gifts for kin.
Abstract: The predominant male-breadwinner model having been surpassed by other forms of household organization, discussion rises on whether the female role of caretaker within households also undergoes change. The question certainly becomes relevant concerning an often less visible and/or overlooked aspect of the caretaker role, which is the ‘work of kinship’. This article looks at a specific aspect of this, which can be considered as even more invisible than other caring tasks: the responsibility for gift exchange. More precisely, we explore women's role in, contribution to and attitude towards the gift-giving process on three domains: the buying, giving and receiving of gifts. Results point to important gender differences: women remain chief responsible for gift selection and gift giving and invest more time in selecting the appropriate gifts for kin. They also show greater satisfaction with the gift-giving process, of which they tend to stress the symbolic value instead of the instrumental value, which is more strongly emphasized by men. This shows that traditional role models endure in an important but often invisible aspect of the work of kinship and more generally of the caretaker role and that these role models also seem to be strongly culturally integrated by men and women.
TL;DR: The authors used a case-study of agriculture to explore the range of anxieties and contradictions surrounding women's work in the interwar period and found that women workers in agriculture provoked vigorous debate among a range of interest groups about the scale, nature, and suitability of this work.
Abstract: This article uses a case-study of agriculture to explore the range of anxieties and contradictions surrounding women's work in the interwar period. National statistics are shown to be inconsistent and questionable, raising questions for historians reliant on official data, but they point to regional variation as the continuous defining feature of female labour force participation. Looking beyond the quantitative data a distinction emerges between traditional work on the land and processes. The article shows that women workers in agriculture provoked vigorous debate among a range of interest groups about the scale, nature, and suitability of this work. These groups, such as the National Federation of Women's Institutes, the Women's Farm and Garden Association, and the National Union of Agricultural Workers represented a range of social classes and outlooks, and had diverse agendas underpinning their interest. Consequently women's agricultural labour is exposed as a site of class and gender conflict, connecting to wider economic and cultural tensions surrounding the place of women in interwar society.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract: Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract: Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
TL;DR: This paper explored mechanisms for making poor rural women's work visible by drawing on Amartya Sen's intra-family "cooperative conflict" theory to explain the workings of two Bangladesh non-governmental organization's income-generating programs (rearing poultry and rearing silkworms).
Abstract: This article explores mechanisms for making poor rural women’s work visible by drawing on Amartya Sen’s intra-family “cooperative conflict” theory to explain the workings of two Bangladesh non-governmental organization’s income-generating programs (rearing poultry and rearing silkworms). On the assumption that cooperation surpasses conflict in the intra-family relations when women’s work is visible, the article identifies factors that influence intra-family conflict and cooperation. At entry, cooperation in a family depends on how successfully the family can make women’s income-generating activities compatible with their existing household responsibilities and with continuation of the male breadwinner’s income source. In women’s continuing work, the level of cooperation depends greatly on the amount and frequency of women’s income and the family’s level of indebtedness. Families with a male breadwinner having a regular income source tended to offer a more cooperative environment to women’s work than those with a breadwinner involved in casual labor. Women’s work as a second regular income source can make their work more visible and contribute to their families’ upward mobility.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract: Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Enloe as mentioned in this paper argues that women should not have to inhabit the largely Westernand male-dominated paradigm of the scientific inventor in order to gain recognition for and avoid exploitation of their knowledge by commercial actors in the international marketplace.
Abstract: This Comment inserts a new question into the intellectual property academy's dialogue on traditional knowledge: Where are the women? Political scientist Cynthia Enloe insists that this is the crucial question for any feminist examination of global law and politics, and it is taken up here in order to apply a gendered lens to traditional knowledge-a perspective which, until now, has been largely absent. The Comment identifies the knowledge that women have possessed for generations as a gendered cultural possession deserving of a place in the international intellectual property rights framework. Women should not have to inhabit the largely Westernand male-dominated paradigm of the scientific inventor in order to gain recognition for and avoid exploitation of their knowledge by commercial actors in the international marketplace. However, legal protections for women's traditional knowledge must be extended in keeping with feminist values of equality and dignity; thus the Comment presents principles to be used in deciding how best to bring attention to women's traditional knowledge and applies them to three frameworks of international property rights. Finally, the Comment makes suggestions for future policy goals to further the recognition of women's traditional knowledge. IN TRO DUCTION 373 I. INVENTION, INNOVATIVE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE WOMAN OF SCIENCE ..... 374 A. Innovative Knowledge and the Scientific Ideal 375 B. Women and the Invention Paradigm 378 II. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND THE VALUE OF "WOMEN'S WORK" ...... 380 * University of Pennsylvania, B.A. 2007; Yale Law School, J.D. expected 2010. This Comment was originally written for a class entitled "International Intellectual Property and Development" at the Yale Law School in Spring 2008, taught by Professor Madhavi Sunder. Many thanks to the brilliant Professor Sunder and my International IP classmates for their comments and insights, to Kamila Lis at the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism for her editorial guidance, and to my mother and sisters for just generally being fantastic. All errors or inaccuracies are, of course, my own. Copyright (D 2010 by the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism Women's Work, Women's Knowing A. Traditional Knowledge Generally 381 B. The Intersection of Traditional Knowledge and Women's K now ledge 385 C. Women's Knowledge in Feminist Perspective 388 III. PROTECTING WOMEN'S KNOWLEDGE IN PRACTICE 390 A. Women's Knowledge in Context: The Global Gender Agenda .... 390 B . Principles and Protections 392 1. The Pubic D om ain 395 2. Patents and Licensing 398 3. Geographical Indications 401 C O N CLU SIO N 403
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract: Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse women's employment through a disaggregate analysis of the last three rounds of quinqueinial NSSO Employment and Unemployment surveys, 1993-94, 1999-00 and 2004-05, and explore the emerging patterns in women employment which outline some of the new developments or changes that are taking place.
Abstract: "The paper analyses women’s employment through a disaggregate analysis of the last three rounds of quinqueinial NSSO Employment and Unemployment surveys, 1993-94, 1999-00 and 2004-05 and explores the emerging patterns in women’s employment which outline some of the new developments or changes that are taking place The remaining part of the paper is structured under five broad sections Section II discusses the broad changes in women’s employment through an examination of absolute changes in employment, work participation rates and nature of employment Sectoral and sub-sectoral trends and patterns across rural and urban areas are outlined in Section III Section IV provides a disaggregate analysis of female employment in the IT and ITES sector in the backdrop of the euphoria that prevails in the context of the growth of the sector The issue of women as unpaid care workers is discussed in Section V with a view to situate women in a broader context of their role as both productive and reproductive workers Finally Section VI sums up the paper"
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between older women's personal incomes and their work histories in the UK, US and West Germany was investigated using data from several large scale longitudinal surveys, and they found that the relationship was strongest in West Germany and weakest in UK, where there is evidence of a pensions' poverty trap and where only predominantly full-time employment is associated with significantly higher incomes in later life.
Abstract: Using data from several large scale longitudinal surveys, this paper investigates the relationship between older women's personal incomes and their work histories in the UK, US and West Germany. By comparing three countries with very different welfare regimes, we seek to gain a better understanding of the interaction between the life course, pension system and women's incomes in later life. The association between older women's incomes and work histories is strongest in West Germany and weakest in the UK, where there is evidence of a pensions' poverty trap and where only predominantly full-time employment is associated with significantly higher incomes in later life, after controlling for other socio-economic characteristics. Work history matters less for widows (in all three countries) and more for younger birth cohorts and more educated women (UK only). We conclude with a brief discussion of the 'women-friendliness' of different pension regimes in the light of our analysis.
01 Dec 2009
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.