3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Recently, the production of furan derivatives from sugars has become exciting in chemistry and in catalysis studies, because it aids one of the major routes for achieving sustainable energy supply and chemicals production. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2,5-furan-dicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) and 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) have been called the “sleeping giants” of renewable intermediate chemicals. 5-HMF is a dehydration product of hexoses and a potential substitute of petroleum-based building blocks of various polymers. 2,5-FDCA is derived from oxidative dehydration of hexoses and is considered as one of the top 12 compounds made from a sugar into a value-added chemical [T. Werpy, G. Petersen, Top Value Added Chemicals From Biomass, 2004. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge ]. 2,5-DMF is produced through hydrogenation of HMF and is less volatile and of 40% higher energy density than ethanol. This review discusses mainly the catalytic routes for the synthesis of 5-HMF, 2,5-FDCA, 2,5-DMF and other furanic derivatives from sugars. Meanwhile, the possible reaction mechanism for the conversion of hexoses is discussed, and furthermore, some promising research orientations and advantageous catalysts are suggested based on the major problems encountered in the recent research.

Biomass into chemicals: Conversion of sugars to furan derivatives by catalytic processes

6.1. Oxadiazoles 4154 6.2. Diazaphospholes 4154 7. Six-Membered Heterocycles with One Heteroatom 4155 7.1. Pyridines 4155 7.2. Pyridinones 4155 7.3. Quinolines 4156 7.4. Quinolinones 4157 7.5. Isoquinolines 4157 7.6. Acridines 4158 7.7. Pyranones 4158 7.8. Flavones 4159 8. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Two Heteroatoms 4159 8.1. Pyridazinones 4159 8.2. Pyrimidines 4159 8.3. Pyrimidinones 4160 8.4. Quinazolines 4162 8.5. Quinazolinones 4162 8.6. Quinoxalines 4164 8.7. Quinoxalinediones 4165 8.8. Oxazines 4165 8.9. Oxazinones 4166 8.10. Thiazines 4166 9. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Three Heteroatoms 4166

Solvent-free heterocyclic synthesis.

Recent Advances in the Friedländer Reaction

Converting carbohydrates to bulk chemicals and fine chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts

Twenty analogues of pentamidine, 7 primary metabolites of pentamidine, and 30 dicationic substituted bis-benzimidazoles were screened for their inhibitory and fungicidal activities against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. A majority of the compounds had MICs at which 80% of the strains were inhibited (MIC80s) comparable to those of amphotericin B and fluconazole. Unlike fluconazole, many of these compounds were found to have potent fungicidal activity. The most potent compound against C. albicans had an MIC80 of </=0.09 microg/ml, and the most potent compound against C. neoformans had an MIC80 of 0.19 microg/ml. Selected compounds were also found to be active against Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, Candida species other than C. albicans, and fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans and C. neoformans. It is clear from the data presented here that further studies on the structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action and toxicities, and in vivo efficacies of these compounds are warranted to determine their clinical potential.

Structure-In Vitro Activity Relationships of Pentamidine Analogues and Dication-Substituted Bis-Benzimidazoles as New Antifungal Agents

Thirty-eight 2-(aryl or heteroaryl)quinolin-4-amines, N,N-disubstituted, N-monosubstituted, and without a substituent at the amino group have been synthesized with use of novel chemistries developed by us recently. Some of these derivatives show anti-HIV-1 activity at a concentration level of 1 microM and low cell toxicity in vitro. The most active and least toxic compounds are derivatives of 2-(3-pyridyl)quinoline. The results of the quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses, including several classical, linear regression correlations and a Free-Wilson approach of de novo model, provide guidelines for the design of new active compounds of this class.

Agnieszka Czarny

Papers

Structure-In Vitro Activity Relationships of Pentamidine Analogues and Dication-Substituted Bis-Benzimidazoles as New Antifungal Agents

Synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of 2-(aryl or heteroaryl)quinolin-4-amines, a new class of anti-hiv-1 agents

Analysis of van der Waals and Electrostatic Contributions in the Interactions of Minor Groove Binding Benzimidazoles with DNA

Synthesis of mono‐cationic and dicationic analogs of hoechst 33258

The Friedländer synthesis of 4-perfluoroalkylquinolines