Showing papers by "Amit Singh published in 2018"

A proposed secure multiple watermarking technique based on DWT, DCT and SVD for application in medicine

Abstract: In this paper, an algorithm for multiple watermarking based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) has been proposed for healthcare applications. For identity authentication purpose, the proposed method uses three watermarks in the form of medical Lump image watermark, the doctor signature/identification code and diagnostic information of the patient as the text watermarks. In order to improve the robustness performance of the image watermark, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is applied to the extracted image watermark to reduce the noise effects on the watermarked image. The security of the image watermark is also enhanced by using Arnold transform before embedding into the cover. Further, the symptom and signature text watermarks are also encoded by lossless arithmetic compression technique and Hamming error correction code respectively. The compressed and encoded text watermark is then embedded into the cover image. Experimental results are obtained by varying the gain factor, different sizes of text watermarks and the different cover image modalities. The results are provided to illustrate that the proposed method is able to withstand a different of signal processing attacks and has been found to be giving excellent performance for robustness, imperceptibility, capacity and security simultaneously. The robustness performance of the method is also compared with other reported techniques. Finally, the visual quality of the watermarked image is evaluated by the subjective method also. This shows that the visual quality of the watermarked images is acceptable for diagnosis at different gain factors. Therefore the proposed method may find potential application in prevention of patient identity theft in healthcare applications.

A recent survey on image watermarking techniques and its application in e-governance

Abstract: This survey presents a brief discussion of different aspects of digital image watermarking. Included in the present discussion are these general concepts: major characteristics of digital watermark, novel and recent applications of watermarking, different kinds of watermarking techniques and common watermark embedding and extraction process. In addition, recent state-of-art watermarking techniques, potential issues and available solutions are discussed in brief. Further, the performance summary of the various state-of-art watermarking techniques is presented in tabular format. This survey contribution will be useful for the researchers to implement efficient watermarking techniques for secure e-governance applications.

Hydrogen sulfide in physiology and pathogenesis of bacteria and viruses.

Abstract: An increasing number of studies have established hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) gas as a major cytoprotectant and redox modulator. Following its discovery, H2 S has been found to have pleiotropic effects on physiology and human health. H2 S acts as a gasotransmitter and exerts its influence on gastrointestinal, neuronal, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and hepatic systems. Recent discoveries have clearly indicated the importance of H2 S in regulating vasorelaxation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, ageing, and metabolism. Contrary to studies in higher organisms, the role of H2 S in the pathophysiology of infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses has been less studied. Bacterial and viral infections are often accompanied by changes in the redox physiology of both the host and the pathogen. Emerging studies indicate that bacterial-derived H2 S constitutes a defense system against antibiotics and oxidative stress. The H2 S signaling pathway also seems to interfere with redox-based events affected on infection with viruses. This review aims to summarize recent advances on the emerging role of H2 S gas in the bacterial physiology and viral infections. Such studies have opened up new research avenues exploiting H2 S as a potential therapeutic intervention. © 2018 The Authors IUBMB Life published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 70(5):393-410, 2018.

Privacy preserving security using biometrics in cloud computing

Abstract: Cloud computing and the efficient storage provide new paradigms and approaches designed at efficiently utilization of resources through computation and many alternatives to guarantee the privacy preservation of individual user. It also ensures the integrity of stored cloud data, and processing of stored data in the various data centers. However, to provide better protection and management of sensitive information (data) are big challenge to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of data in the cloud computation. Thus, there is an urgent need for storing and processing the data in the cloud environment without any information leakage. The sensitive data require the storing and processing mechanism and techniques to assurance the privacy preservation of individual user, to maintain the data integrity, and preserve confidentiality. Face recognition has recently achieved advancements in the unobtrusive recognition of individuals to maintain the privacy-preservation in the cloud computing. This paper emphasizes on cloud security and privacy issues and provides the solution using biometric face recognition. We propose a biometrics face recognition approach for security and privacy preservation of cloud users during their access to cloud resources. The proposed approach has three steps: (1) acquisition of face images (2) preprocessing and extraction of facial feature (3) recognition of individual using encrypted biometric feature. The experimental results establish that our proposed recognition approach can ensure the privacy and security of biometrics data.

SVD-DCT Based Medical Image Watermarking in NSCT Domain

Abstract: Medical images are of high importance and patient data must be kept confidential. In this chapter, we discuss a new hybrid transform domain technique for medical image watermarking and provide a detailed analysis of existing image watermarking methods. The proposed method uses a combination of nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) to achieve high capacity, robustness and imperceptibility. This method is non blind which requires cover image in receiver to extract watermarked image. Cover and watermark images are pre-processed in order to ensure accurate extraction of watermark. In this approach, we have considered medical images as cover and electronic patient record (EPR) is used as secret message. EPR message is embedded into selected sub band of cover image with selected gain factor so that there should be a good trade off among imperceptibility, robustness and capacity. NSCT increases hiding capacity and is more resistant to geometrical attacks. The combination of NSCT with DCT and SVD enhanced the perceptual quality and security of watermarked image. Experimental demonstration proved that the proposed method provides high robustness against geometrical and signal processing attacks in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and correlation coefficient (CC).

Malaria vaccine candidate based on Duffy-binding protein elicits strain transcending functional antibodies in a Phase I trial.

Abstract: Reticulocyte invasion by Plasmodium vivax requires interaction of the Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP) with host Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARCs). The binding domain of PvDBP maps to a cysteine-rich region referred to as region II (PvDBPII). Blocking this interaction offers a potential path to prevent P. vivax blood-stage growth and P. vivax malaria. This forms the rationale for development of a vaccine based on PvDBPII. Here we report results of a Phase I randomized trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant PvDBPII formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE). Thirty-six malaria-naive, healthy Indian male subjects aged 18–45 years were assigned into three cohorts corresponding to doses of 10, 25 and 50 µg of PvDBPII formulated with 5 µg of GLA-SE. Each cohort included nine PvDBPII/GLA-SE vaccinees and three hepatitis B control vaccine recipients. Each subject received the assigned vaccine intramuscularly on days 0, 28 and 56, and was followed up till day 180. No serious AE was reported and PvDBPII/GLA-SE was well-tolerated and safe. Analysis by ELISA showed that all three doses of PvDBPII elicited antigen-specific binding-inhibitory antibodies. The 50 µg dose elicited antibodies against PvDBPII that had the highest binding-inhibitory titres and were most persistent. Importantly, the antibody responses were strain transcending and blocked receptor binding of diverse PvDBP alleles. These results support further clinical development of PvDBPII/GLA-SE to evaluate efficacy against sporozoite or blood-stage challenge in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) models and against natural P. vivax challenge in malaria endemic areas.

Multifaceted remodeling by vitamin C boosts sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subpopulations to combination treatment by anti-tubercular drugs.

Abstract: Bacterial dormancy is a major impediment to the eradication of tuberculosis (TB), because currently used drugs primarily target actively replicating bacteria. Therefore, decoding of the critical survival pathways in dormant tubercle bacilli is a research priority to formulate new approaches for killing these bacteria. Employing a network-based gene expression analysis approach, we demonstrate that redox active vitamin C (vit C) triggers a multifaceted and robust adaptation response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) involving ~ 67% of the genome. Vit C-adapted bacteria display well-described features of dormancy, including growth stasis and progression to a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, loss of acid-fastness and reduction in length, dissipation of reductive stress through triglyceride (TAG) accumulation, protective response to oxidative stress, and tolerance to first line TB drugs. VBNC bacteria are reactivatable upon removal of vit C and they recover drug susceptibility properties. Vit C synergizes with pyrazinamide, a unique TB drug with sterilizing activity, to kill dormant and replicating bacteria, negating any tolerance to rifampicin and isoniazid in combination treatment in both in-vitro and intracellular infection models. Finally, the vit C multi-stress redox models described here also offer a unique opportunity for concurrent screening of compounds/combinations active against heterogeneous subpopulations of Mtb. These findings suggest a novel strategy of vit C adjunctive therapy by modulating bacterial physiology for enhanced efficacy of combination chemotherapy with existing drugs, and also possible synergies to guide new therapeutic combinations towards accelerating TB treatment.

Multiple Watermarking for Healthcare Applications

Abstract: Abstract In this paper, an algorithm for multiple digital watermarking based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) was proposed for healthcare applications such as tele-ophthalmology, tele-medicine, tele-diagnosis, and tele-consultancy services. Multiple watermarks were used in this algorithm to reduce the consequences of medical identity thefts. In the embedding process, the cover medical image was decomposed into third-level DWT. Low-frequency bands (LH2 and LL3) were transformed by DCT, and then SVD was applied to DCT coefficients. Two watermarks in the form of images were also transformed by DCT and then SVD. The singular values of the watermark information were embedded in the singular value of the cover medical image. Watermarks were extracted using an extraction algorithm. In order to enhance the robustness performance of the image watermarks, back-propagation neural network was applied to the extracted watermarks to reduce the effects of different noise applied on the watermarked image. Results were obtained by varying the gain factor and the different cover image modalities. Experimental results were provided to illustrate that the proposed method is able to withstand a variety of signal processing attacks, and has been found to give excellent performance in terms of robustness and imperceptibility. The performance of the method was also compared with other reported techniques. Further, the visual quality of the proposed method was also evaluated by a subjective method.

Phagosomal Copper-Promoted Oxidative Attack on Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract: Copper (Cu) ions are critical in controlling bacterial infections, and successful pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) possess multiple Cu resistance mechanisms. We report, as proof of concept, that a novel Cu hypersensitivity phenotype can be generated in mycobacteria, including Mtb, through a peptide, DAB-10, that is able to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) following Cu-binding. DAB-10 induces intramycobacterial oxidative stress in a Cu-dependent manner in vitro and during infection. DAB-10 penetrates murine macrophages and encounters intracellular mycobacteria. Significant intracellular Cu-dependent protection was observed when Mtb-infected macrophages were treated with DAB-10 alongside a cell-permeable Cu chelator. Treatment with the Cu chelator reversed the intramycobacterial oxidative shift induced by DAB-10. We conclude that DAB-10 utilizes the pool of phagosomal Cu ions in the host-Mtb interface to augment the mycobactericidal activity of macrophages while simultaneously exploiting the susceptibility of Mtb to ROS. DAB-10 serves as a model with which to develop next-generation, multifunctional antimicrobials.

Computer aided detection of mammographic mass using exact Gaussian–Hermite moments

Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the common cancer deaths in women worldwide. Early detection is the key to reduce the mortality rate. Clinical trials have shown that computer aided systems (CAD) have improved the accuracy of breast cancer detection. This paper proposed a highly accurate CAD system based on extracting highly significant features using exact Gaussian–Hermite moments. The obtained feature vector is presented to K-NN, random forests and AdaBoost classifiers. The proposed system is evaluated using two different datasets namely IRMA and MIAS. The evaluation metrics of accuracy, TP, FP and area under ROC curve using 10-fold cross-validation are calculated. The results indicate the usefulness of the proposed exact Gaussian–Hermite moments features for distinguishing between normal and abnormal lesions and the superiority of the moments features compared with the conventional methods.

Computationally efficient joint imperceptible image watermarking and JPEG compression: a green computing approach

Abstract: This paper presents a computationally efficient joint imperceptible image watermarking and joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression scheme In recent times, the transmission and storage of digital documents/information over the unsecured channel are enormous concerns and nearly all of the digital documents are compressed before they are stored or transmitted to save the bandwidth requirements There are many similar computational operations performed during watermarking and compression which lead to computational redundancy and time delay This demands development of joint watermarking and compression scheme for various multimedia contents In this paper, we propose a technique for image watermarking during JPEG compression to address the optimal trade-off between major performance parameters including embedding and compression rates, robustness and embedding alterations against different known signal processing attacks The performance of the proposed technique is extensively evaluated in the form of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), correlation, compression ratio and execution time for different discrete cosine transform (DCT) blocks and watermark sizes Embedding is done on DCT coefficients using additive watermarking

Statistical modeling and Gaussianization procedure based de-speckling algorithm for retinal OCT images

Abstract: This paper presents a de-noising method for speckle noise removal called de-speckling, retinal optical coherence tomography image by combining the features of wavelet transform, statistical modeling, Bayesian estimators and Gaussianization procedure. De-speckling methods based on statistical modeling of wavelet coefficients depend on the correct estimation of probability density function (PDF). The density estimation problem has been solved by using the Gaussianization procedure. The dynamic range capability of Gaussian PDF has been used for sharp estimation of density. A Cauchy PDF is used for modeling wavelet coefficients and finding the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of wavelet coefficients. This CDF is used as the input to the Gaussianization procedure, where it equalizes with the Gaussian CDF to estimate the density function of wavelet coefficients. Finally, the wavelet coefficients are recovered using Bayesian minimum mean square error estimator. Both visual and quantitative comparisons are performed for demonstrating the prominence of the proposed method. From simulation result it is seen that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity, correlation coefficient (CoC) and edge preservation index (EPI). The proposed method has been achieved improvement of 5.13% in PSNR, 2.44% in SSIM, 2.11% in CoC and 3.45% in EPI over the well accepted existing method.

c-Abl-TWIST1 Epigenetically Dysregulate Inflammatory Responses during Mycobacterial Infection by Co-Regulating Bone Morphogenesis Protein and miR27a.

Abstract: Mycobacteria propelled modulation of host responses is of considerable interest in the face of emerging drug resistance. Although it is known that Abl tyrosine kinases affect entry and persistence of mycobacteria, mechanisms that couple c-Abl to proximal signaling pathways during immunity are poorly understood. Loss-of-function of c-Abl through Imatinib, in a mouse model of tuberculosis or RNA interference, identified bone morphogenesis protein (BMP) signaling as its cellular target. We demonstrate that c-Abl promotes mycobacterial survival through epigenetic modification brought about by KAT5-TWIST1 at Bmp loci. c-Abl-BMP signaling deregulated iNOS, aggravating the inflammatory balance. Interestingly, BMP signaling was observed to have far-reaching effects on host immunity, as it attenuated TLR3 pathway by engaging miR27a. Significantly, these events were largely mediated via WhiB3 and DosR/S/T but not SecA signaling pathway of mycobacteria. Our findings suggest molecular mechanisms of host pathways hijacked by mycobacteria and expand our understanding of c-Abl inhibitors in potentiating innate immune responses.

Combining Haar Wavelet and Karhunen-Loeve Transform for Robust and Imperceptible Data Hiding Using Digital Images

Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we present an introduction of digital image watermarking followed by important characteristics and potential applications of digital watermarks. Further, recent state-of-the-art watermarking techniques as reported by noted authors are discussed in brief. It includes the performance comparison of reported transform/spatial domain based watermarking techniques presented in tabular form. This comprehensive survey will be significant for researchers who will be able to implement more efficient watermarking techniques. Moreover, we present a robust watermarking technique using fusion of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Karhunen-Loeve transform for digital images. Further, visual quality of the watermarked image is enhanced by using different image de-noising techniques. The results are obtained by varying the gain factor, size of the image watermark, different DWT sub-bands, and image processing attacks. Experimental results demonstrate that the method is imperceptible and robust for different image processing attacks.

A Bayesian Multiresolution Approach for Noise Removal in Medical Magnetic Resonance Images

Abstract: Abstract A Bayesian approach using wavelet coefficient modeling is proposed for de-noising additive white Gaussian noise in medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a parallel acquisition process, the magnetic resonance image is affected by white Gaussian noise, which is additive in nature. A normal inverse Gaussian probability distribution function is taken for modeling the wavelet coefficients. A Bayesian approach is implemented for filtering the noisy wavelet coefficients. The maximum likelihood estimator and median absolute deviation estimator are used to find the signal parameters, signal variances, and noise variances of the distribution. The minimum mean square error estimator is used for estimating the true wavelet coefficients. The proposed method is simulated on MRI. Performance and image quality parameters show that the proposed method has the capability to reduce the noise more effectively than other state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method provides 8.83%, 2.02%, 6.61%, and 30.74% improvement in peak signal-to-noise ratio, structure similarity index, Pratt’s figure of merit, and Bhattacharyya coefficient, respectively, over existing well-accepted methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by using the mean squared difference (MSD) parameter. MSD shows the degree of dissimilarity and is 0.000324 for the proposed method, which is less than that of the other existing methods and proves the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of achieving better signal-to-noise ratio performance than other tested de-noising methods.

To Determine Validation of RIPASA Score in Diagnosis of Suspected Acute Appendicitis and Histopathological Correlation with Applicability to Indian Population: a Single Institute Study.

Abstract: Although acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide, timely accurate diagnosis is always difficult for a surgeon even after availability of recent diagnostic tools Our study is to determine validation of RIPASA score in diagnosis of acute appendicitis and histopathological correlation A prospective study of 200 patients presented to emergency or surgical opd with right iliac fossa pain and suspected to have acute appendicitis were included in our study RIPASA score calculated but appendectomy done on the basis of clinical assessment and hospital protocol and histopathological correlation done with a score A score of 75 is cut off threshold, results compared with previous studies In our study of 200 patients, M:F ratio of 156:1 Sensitivity of the RIPASA score was 9589℅ with specificity 7592% and diagnostic accuracy of 905%, expected and observed rate of negative appendectomy were 85 and 1235%, respectively So there is net reduction in negative appendectomy rate by 385% Data analysis done with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 210 RIPASA score at a cutoff value of 75 is easier, cheap, and better diagnostic tool in equivocal case of right iliac fossa pain in Indian scenario of limited availability of recent diagnostic tool in remote areas and affordability of these tool in the available set up, simultaneously, it also helps to reduce negative appendectomy rates

Synthesis Characterization and In Vitro Release Study of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticle

Abstract: Ciprofloxacin, a poorly soluble drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticle, was prepared for the treatment of microbial infections. Nanoformulation of ciprofloxacin was prepared using 85% deacetylated chitosan as a biodegradable polymer and tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent by ionotropic gelation. It was further evaluated and characterized on the basis of morphology, drug loading efficiency, X-ray diffraction, zeta potential value, Fourier transform infrared study, antimicrobial study, and also in vitro release behavior of ciprofloxacin. The FTIR spectral studies indicated that there was no interaction found between the drug and chitosan. The sample CS1 formulation was found stable with good drug entrapment efficiency, fair zeta potential value, and its size ranged between 100 and 200 nm. The in vitro study showed sustained release behavior with steady rise in cumulative drug release (> 99%) for up to about 8 h and thereafter, no significant release observed. The characterized formulations were also used to study antimicrobial activity.

Morbidity Pattern among Out-Patients Attending Urban Health Training Centre in Srinagar

Abstract: The current study was designed to identify the morbidity pattern of out-patients attending Urban Health Training Centre in an urban area of a medical college in Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, North India. The present study record-based retrospective study was conducted among the out-patients attending the regular clinic at the Urban Health Training Centre, of a medical college in Srinagar city of Uttarakhand State of North India during the study period of one year in 2014. Data was retrieved from the OPD registers maintained at the clinic. Data was collected pertaining to socio-demographic profile, morbidity details and treatment pattern. Diseases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code. Descriptive analysis was done. During the study period, a total of 9343 subjects attended the OPD. Among them, majority of them (60%) were females. More than half (56 %) belonged to the age group of 35-65 year age-group. The association of disease classification was found to be statistically significant with respect to gender. The leading morbidity of communicable disease was found to be certain infectious and parasitic diseases especially Typhoid whereas musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disorders were the most common cause among morbidity due to NCDs. Out of all, typhoid was found to cause maximum of morbidity among the subjects. The present study highlights the morbidity pattern of communicable and NCDs among the population of hilly areas of Garhwal, Uttarakhand India. Priority should be preferred for the regular tracking of diseases in terms of preventive and promotive aspects. Morbidity in the out- door clinics reflects the emerging trend of mixed disease spectrum burden comprising communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Fabrication and testing of manually operated potato ridger cum earthing attachment tool for wheel hoe

Abstract: Manually operated ridger cum earthing implement is becoming popular for Potato and other vegetable earthing because of its less initial investment, easy operation, low repair and maintenance cost. Here, we analyze the human comfort during operation of earthing for assessing the suitability to rural men. A comparison was also made between mechanized and manual operations. Three male subjects were selected for the investigation. The selected three subjects were calibrated in the field by direct assessment of oxygen uptake. The heart rate of all three subjects varied between 94.67 to 128.67 bpm in light soil at moisture content of 7.94 % (db) and bulk density of 1.67 g/cc and 99.00 to 134.33 bpm in heavy soil of moisture content of 9.24 % (db) and bulk density of 1.34 g/cc at different speeds. The postural configuration of all three subjects varied between 2.110 to 5.890 in light soil and 2.500 to 6.110 in heavy soil. The anthropometric data for the subjects were different which changed the level of posture for different subjects. Effect of all the three subjects on overall discomfort rating varied between 2.17 to 4.50 in light soil and 2.50 to 5.00 in heavy soil. Based on the mean energy expenditure, the operation was graded as "moderately heavy" for direct earthing.

Effect of magnetic field on the burning of a neutron star

Abstract: In this paper, we present the effect of a strong magnetic field in the burning of a neutron star (NS). We have used relativistic magneto-hydrostatic (MHS) conservation equations for studying the PT...

An Anti-Islanding Technique for Grid-Connected DG and Multi DG System

Abstract: Islanding is a major problem that is related to a grid connected distribution generator. During islanding the distribution generator gets disconnected from the grid while still being energized. It should be detected as fast as possible in order to prevent the distribution generator from getting damaged or to ensure the safety of the personnel working. The islanding detection makes use of system parameter to detect islanding at the time of occurrence. In this paper a passive islanding detection method based on ripple content of voltage at the point of common coupling is being used to differentiate between islanding and non-islanding conditions. A threshold level is set upon the ripple content of voltage at the point of common coupling and islanding is detected whenever the threshold level is exceeded for some certain period of time. This method effectively distinguishes the islanding condition from other non-islanding condition and detects the islanding condition efficiently. The working of this method is being ensured by simulating a variety of islanding and non-islanding condition. No non-detection zone was shown by this method and islanding conditions were detected within 150ms of the allowed delay time. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented to validate the proposed method.

Surveillance and distribution of different weeds in transplanted rice as influenced by integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) in rice-wheat cropping system in Hilly area

Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken in a long-term experiment on IPNS in rice-wheat cropping system. Twelve treatments viz., control (no fertilizer/manure), 50, 75 and 100% NPK each to rice and wheat through fertilizers, 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat through fertilizers, 50% substitution of N through FYM, wheat straw and green manure in rice and 100% NPK through fertilizers in wheat; 25% substitution of N through FYM, wheat straw and green manure in rice and 75% NPK through fertilizers in wheat; and farmers’ practice (40% NPK through fertilizers to each crop plus 5 t FYM/ha on dry weight basis to rice) were evaluated for a period of two years (2014 and 2015) with four replications. Ammannia baccifera was the most dominant weed constituting 40 and 35% of the total weed flora during kharif 2014 and 2015, respectively. This was followed by Monochoria vaginalis, Eleocharis sp., Scirpus sp., Echinochloa sp. and Cyperus difformis during 2014 and Monochoria vaginalis, Brassica sp., Eleocharis sp., Scirpus sp., Cyperus difformis and Cynodon dactylon during 2015. On an average Ammannia baccifera was the most dominant and problematic weed found in rice.

A low complexity secure force encryption based multiple image watermarking in NSCT domain

Abstract: Wavelet domain image watermarking has gained popularity as it provides an adaptive way for embedding and recovery of image watermarks. Image watermarking is one of the important solution that deals with the multimedia security. To prove a better solution for image information security, a multiple image watermarking method in wavelet domain with SF (secure force) encryption has been proposed. The proposed work integrates NSCT (nonsubsampled contourlet transfrom), RDWT (redundant discrete wavelet transform), SVD (singular value decomposition)and SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical tree). For better security, a low complexity SF encryption technique has been used to encrypt the watermarked image. Shift invariance nature of RDWT and NSCT makes them more appropriate for watermarking. Analysis of the proposed method has been done with a number of standard cover images with multiple watermarks. Experiments have shown the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm over others quantitatively with different performance metrics.