We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/306/5696/666.full.pdf

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/297/5582/787.full.pdf

Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications

Photoconductivity of poly(2,5-diheptyloxy-p-phenylene vinylene) in the air atmosphere: Magnetic-field effect and mechanism of generation and recombination of charge carriers.

A simple approach is presented for using bond-stretching and bond-bending modes to describe the static deformations of carbon nanotubes and related actuation effects. This approach allows us to analyze various phenomena in a unified way and to clarify their relationships. We discuss gap energy modulation by external strains, dimensional and torsional deformations caused by charge injection, and stretch-induced torsion. We show how symmetry determines the property dependence on the chiral angle of nanotubes. Electrically driven actuator responses related to deformation-induced modulation of electron kinetic energy are particularly interesting and relevant for applications. The strong oscillatory dependence of these responses on the nanotube geometry is explained within an intuitively clear picture of bonding patterns. We show how anisotropic (shear) deformations play an important role in nanotubes, making their responses distinctly different from graphite's.

Mechanical and electromechanical coupling in carbon nanotube distortions

A fluorescent dye and a photochromic dye were infiltrated into polycrystalline samples of porous opal in order to determine the effects of opal repeat dimension on the optical properties of the dyes. These opals consist of faulted face-centered-cubic arrays of monodispersed, nanoscale SiO2 spheres. The observed absorption and fluorescence of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) depended on the lattice constant of the opal. The Alq3 exhibited a blue shift of the absorption edge and a decrease of fluorescence intensity with decreasing lattice constant. Also, the stability of the photochromic behavior of cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl) ethene (CMTE) increased remarkably inside the opal matrix. These characteristics are possibly due to the interaction between the nano-structure-confined dyes and the surfaces of the SiO2 spheres.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.36.L714/pdf

The Optical Properties of Porous Opal Crystals Infiltrated with Organic Molecules

The effects of processing conditions and apparent nanotube length on properties are investigated for carbon nanotube yarns obtained by solid-state drawing of an aerogel from a forest of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Investigation of twist, false twist, liquid densification and combination methods for converting the drawn aerogel into dense yarn show that permanent twist is not needed for obtaining useful mechanical properties when nanotube lengths are long compared with nanotube diameters. Average mechanical strengths of 800 MPa were obtained for polymer-free twist-spun multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) yarns and average mechanical strengths of 1040 MPa were obtained for MWNT yarns infiltrated with 10 wt% polystyrene solution. Strategies for increasing the mechanical properties are suggested based on analysis of intra-wall, intra-bundle and inter-bundle stress transfer.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334221/pdf

Anvar A. Zakhidov

Papers

Photoconductivity of poly(2,5-diheptyloxy-p-phenylene vinylene) in the air atmosphere: Magnetic-field effect and mechanism of generation and recombination of charge carriers.

Mechanical and electromechanical coupling in carbon nanotube distortions

The Optical Properties of Porous Opal Crystals Infiltrated with Organic Molecules

Structure and process-dependent properties of solid-state spun carbon nanotube yarns.

Synthesis and Magnetic Behavior of Periodic Nickel Sphere Arrays