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This chapter suggests that delinquency conceals two distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating m a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive. There are marked individual differences in the stability of antisocial behavior. The chapter reviews the mysterious relationship between age and antisocial behavior. Some youths who refrain from antisocial behavior may, for some reason, not sense the maturity gap and therefore lack the hypothesized motivation for experimenting with crime.

/pdf/adolescence-limited-and-life-course-persistent-antisocial-52vil00qlw.pdf

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy.

ContextUncertainties exist about prevalence and correlates of major depressive
disorder (MDD).ObjectiveTo present nationally representative data on prevalence and correlates
of MDD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and on study
patterns and correlates of treatment and treatment adequacy from the recently
completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).DesignFace-to-face household survey conducted from February 2001 to December
2002.SettingThe 48 contiguous United States.ParticipantsHousehold residents ages 18 years or older (N = 9090) who responded
to the NCS-R survey.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and correlates of MDD using the World Health Organization's
(WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), 12-month severity
with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR),
the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and the WHO disability assessment scale
(WHO-DAS). Clinical reinterviews used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.ResultsThe prevalence of CIDI MDD for lifetime was 16.2% (95% confidence interval
[CI], 15.1-17.3) (32.6-35.1 million US adults) and for 12-month was 6.6% (95%
CI, 5.9-7.3) (13.1-14.2 million US adults). Virtually all CIDI 12-month cases
were independently classified as clinically significant using the QIDS-SR,
with 10.4% mild, 38.6% moderate, 38.0% severe, and 12.9% very severe. Mean
episode duration was 16 weeks (95% CI, 15.1-17.3). Role impairment as measured
by SDS was substantial as indicated by 59.3% of 12-month cases with severe
or very severe role impairment. Most lifetime (72.1%) and 12-month (78.5%)
cases had comorbid CIDI/DSM-IV disorders, with MDD
only rarely primary. Although 51.6% (95% CI, 46.1-57.2) of 12-month cases
received health care treatment for MDD, treatment was adequate in only 41.9%
(95% CI, 35.9-47.9) of these cases, resulting in 21.7% (95% CI, 18.1-25.2)
of 12-month MDD being adequately treated. Sociodemographic correlates of treatment
were far less numerous than those of prevalence.ConclusionsMajor depressive disorder is a common disorder, widely distributed in
the population, and usually associated with substantial symptom severity and
role impairment. While the recent increase in treatment is encouraging, inadequate
treatment is a serious concern. Emphasis on screening and expansion of treatment
needs to be accompanied by a parallel emphasis on treatment quality improvement.

/pdf/the-epidemiology-of-major-depressive-disorder-results-from-2kfxdgis3p.pdf

The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

This paper presents a critical appraisal of resilience, a construct connoting the maintenance of positive adaptation by individuals despite experiences of significant adversity. As empirical research on resilience has burgeoned in recent years, criticisms have been levied at work in this area. These critiques have generally focused on ambiguities in definitions and central terminology; heterogeneity in risks experienced and competence achieved by individuals viewed as resilient; instability of the phenomenon of resilience; and concerns regarding the usefulness of resilience as a theoretical construct. We address each identified criticism in turn, proposing solutions for those we view as legitimate and clarifying misunderstandings surrounding those we believe to be less valid. We conclude that work on resilience possesses substantial potential for augmenting the understanding of processes affecting at-risk individuals. Realization of the potential embodied by this construct, however, will remain constrained without continued scientific attention to some of the serious conceptual and methodological pitfalls that have been noted by skeptics and proponents alike.

/pdf/the-construct-of-resilience-a-critical-evaluation-and-2zm15ij070.pdf

The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work

The world report on violence and health.

The promotive relationship between personality and self-reported offending

Explanatory Risk Factors for Psychopathic Symptoms in Men and Women: Results from Generation 3 of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development

This article brings together the main conclusions from the previous articles in this issue and identifies priorities for moving toward an evidence-based approach to preventing crime. The Camp- bell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group has begun the important task of preparing systematic reviews of the effectiveness of a wide range of criminological interventions. Alongside the Campbell initia- tive, a program of research of new crime prevention and intervention experiments and quasi-experiments needs to be launched. Efforts must also be made to confront the challenges of getting research evi- dence into policy and practice. Here, political and policy consider- ations need to be faced.

Approach to Preventing Crime

As in North America, there has recently been an upsurge of interest in Great Britain in research on law and human behavior. Psychologists, in particular, have increasingly carried out research on the law and legal procedures. Reflecting this increased interest, the Division of Criminological and Legal Psychology of the British Psychological Society was founded in 1977, and the Social Science Research Council Law and Psychology Seminar Group was founded in 1978. The Seminar Group was founded after the first Oxford conference on law and psychology in 1977, the proceedings of which were later published (Farrington, Hawkins & Lloyd-Bostock, 1979). The proceedings of the first meeting of the Seminar Group in 1978 have also been published (Lloyd-Bostock, 1981). British books on specific topics have also begun to appear, notably eyewitness testimony (Clifford & Bull, 1978) and the psychologist as an expert witness (Haward, 1981). The papers included in this special issue represent a fair cross section of current British research on law and human behavior. They cover decision making in legal contexts (Kapardis & Farrington; Bond & Lemon; McKnight; Martin & Murray), decision making in a mental health context (Peay), jury decisions (Sealy), eyewitness testimony (Clifford, Rathborn, & Bull; Christie, Davies, Shepherd, & Ellis), perceptions of the seriousness of offenses (Colbourn, Brown, & Copeman), perceptions by police officers of incidents as offenses (Ainsworth), and an evaluation of the law in the particular area of infanticide (Parker & Good). Several methods have been employed, including experimentation, interviews, questionnaires, observation, and searches of records. It is desirable to try to attack problems using a variety of methods, as for example Peay has done with mental health review tribunals and Martin and Murray with Scottish juvenile justice.

Introduction to the special issue on British research

Abstract Background While some studies have reported that early age of onset of cannabis and amphetamine use predicts a range of adverse outcomes, these findings are rarely adjusted for other predictors of adverse outcomes or subsequent drug use over the adult life course. These studies have not addressed the possibility that it is subsequent rather than early age of onset of drug use that may predict adult life success. Methods Data are from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). At 21 years, respondents self-reported their use of cannabis and amphetamines and completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) on lifetime ever use of cannabis and amphetamines. At 30 years, respondents self-reported their past-year use of cannabis and amphetamines. The outcome measure is a composite measure of life success at the 30-years follow-up. Associations are adjusted for covariates at the 14-year follow-up. Results Adolescent behavior problems predict drug use at 21 years, drug use and life success at 30 years. The association between early age of onset cannabis use, amphetamine use and cannabis and amphetamine use and adult life success is not statistically significant once adjusted for cannabis and amphetamine use at the 30-year follow-up. Concurrent cannabis use at the 30-year follow-up is strongly related to life success. Conclusions In a community sample, cannabis as well as cannabis and amphetamine use and/or use disorder in the adolescent period does not appear to predict life success in adulthood for those whose use has ceased prior to 30 years of age.

David P. Farrington

Papers

The promotive relationship between personality and self-reported offending

Explanatory Risk Factors for Psychopathic Symptoms in Men and Women: Results from Generation 3 of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development

Approach to Preventing Crime

Introduction to the special issue on British research

Do cannabis and amphetamine use in adolescence predict adult life success: a longitudinal study