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This chapter suggests that delinquency conceals two distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating m a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive. There are marked individual differences in the stability of antisocial behavior. The chapter reviews the mysterious relationship between age and antisocial behavior. Some youths who refrain from antisocial behavior may, for some reason, not sense the maturity gap and therefore lack the hypothesized motivation for experimenting with crime.

/pdf/adolescence-limited-and-life-course-persistent-antisocial-52vil00qlw.pdf

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy.

ContextUncertainties exist about prevalence and correlates of major depressive
disorder (MDD).ObjectiveTo present nationally representative data on prevalence and correlates
of MDD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and on study
patterns and correlates of treatment and treatment adequacy from the recently
completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).DesignFace-to-face household survey conducted from February 2001 to December
2002.SettingThe 48 contiguous United States.ParticipantsHousehold residents ages 18 years or older (N = 9090) who responded
to the NCS-R survey.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and correlates of MDD using the World Health Organization's
(WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), 12-month severity
with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR),
the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and the WHO disability assessment scale
(WHO-DAS). Clinical reinterviews used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.ResultsThe prevalence of CIDI MDD for lifetime was 16.2% (95% confidence interval
[CI], 15.1-17.3) (32.6-35.1 million US adults) and for 12-month was 6.6% (95%
CI, 5.9-7.3) (13.1-14.2 million US adults). Virtually all CIDI 12-month cases
were independently classified as clinically significant using the QIDS-SR,
with 10.4% mild, 38.6% moderate, 38.0% severe, and 12.9% very severe. Mean
episode duration was 16 weeks (95% CI, 15.1-17.3). Role impairment as measured
by SDS was substantial as indicated by 59.3% of 12-month cases with severe
or very severe role impairment. Most lifetime (72.1%) and 12-month (78.5%)
cases had comorbid CIDI/DSM-IV disorders, with MDD
only rarely primary. Although 51.6% (95% CI, 46.1-57.2) of 12-month cases
received health care treatment for MDD, treatment was adequate in only 41.9%
(95% CI, 35.9-47.9) of these cases, resulting in 21.7% (95% CI, 18.1-25.2)
of 12-month MDD being adequately treated. Sociodemographic correlates of treatment
were far less numerous than those of prevalence.ConclusionsMajor depressive disorder is a common disorder, widely distributed in
the population, and usually associated with substantial symptom severity and
role impairment. While the recent increase in treatment is encouraging, inadequate
treatment is a serious concern. Emphasis on screening and expansion of treatment
needs to be accompanied by a parallel emphasis on treatment quality improvement.

/pdf/the-epidemiology-of-major-depressive-disorder-results-from-2kfxdgis3p.pdf

The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

This paper presents a critical appraisal of resilience, a construct connoting the maintenance of positive adaptation by individuals despite experiences of significant adversity. As empirical research on resilience has burgeoned in recent years, criticisms have been levied at work in this area. These critiques have generally focused on ambiguities in definitions and central terminology; heterogeneity in risks experienced and competence achieved by individuals viewed as resilient; instability of the phenomenon of resilience; and concerns regarding the usefulness of resilience as a theoretical construct. We address each identified criticism in turn, proposing solutions for those we view as legitimate and clarifying misunderstandings surrounding those we believe to be less valid. We conclude that work on resilience possesses substantial potential for augmenting the understanding of processes affecting at-risk individuals. Realization of the potential embodied by this construct, however, will remain constrained without continued scientific attention to some of the serious conceptual and methodological pitfalls that have been noted by skeptics and proponents alike.

/pdf/the-construct-of-resilience-a-critical-evaluation-and-2zm15ij070.pdf

The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work

The world report on violence and health.

This article first reviews cross-national research on criminal careers in London and Stockholm. There were many similarities in the findings. The major difference concerned the distribution over ag...

Cross-national comparative research on criminal careers, risk factors, crime and punishment:

A 24-year follow-up of men from vulnerable backgrounds

We determined the most-cited scholars in 1991-95 in the major criminology journals of the major countries of the English-speaking world: British Journal of Criminology (BJC), Criminology (CRIM), Canadian Journal of Criminology (CJC) and Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology (ANZ). We also compared the results with those obtained in a similar analysis for 1986-90. The scholars with the most citations in 1991-95 were Patricia M. Mayhew (BJC), Travis Hirschi (CRIM), Murray A. Straus (CJC) and John Braithwaite (ANZ). However, Anthony N. Doob was cited in a larger number of different CJC articles than Murray A. Straus, and we concluded that this measure (termed the prevalence of citations) was a better measure of wide-ranging influence than the total number of citations. On a combined score, the five most-cited scholars in al four journals in 1991-95 were Travis Hirschi, David P. Farrington, Michael R. Gottfredson, Alfred Blumstein and John Braithwaite. Whereas the most-cited works of the most-cited scholars in the earlier period tended to be concerned with criminal career research and measuring crime, the most-cited works of the most-cited scholars in the later period were more concerned with criminological theories.

Changes in the most-cited scholars in major international journals between 1986–90 and 1991–95

Two non-reactive field experiments were conducted to study factors influencing stealing. The subjects were people in the streets of London who picked up a stamped, addressed, unsealed, apparently lost letter, containing a handwritten note and in most cases also a sum of money. Experiment 1 employed a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, varying the amount of money (20p or 1 pound), the form of the money (cash or postal order) and the apparent victim (an old lady or a higher class male). Ten letters were dropped in each of the eight conditions, and a further 10 in each of two control (no money) conditions. Stealing was greatest with cash and the higher class male victim, but did not vary significantly with amount of money. In Expt 2, larger amounts of money were used, and the apparent victim in each case was the old lady. Twenty letters were dropped in each of three conditions, control (no money), 1 pound and 5 pounds in cash, and stealing did vary significantly with amount of money. In both experiments, younger people were more likely to steal, as were those who put the letter in pockets or handbags after picking it up.

Two non-reactive field experiments on stealing from a 'lost' letter.

The purpose of this study was to investigate post-traumatic stress symptoms affecting the involvement in school bullying and cyberbullying of boys and girls according to the different bullying roles. The current study involved 5058 Italian students, aged 11–18, recruited from secondary schools, who anonymously self-reported about school and cyber bullying as victims and/or perpetrators, and about post-traumatic stress symptoms. Based on their responses, students were classified as ‘only-bullies’, ‘only-victims’, ‘bully/victims’, or ‘not involved’ in school and/or online. The results showed that symptoms of post-traumatic stress differ between boys and girls and according to their roles. For cyberbullying, the bully/victims and only victims reported higher post-traumatic stress symptoms. For school bullying, bully/victims and only bullies reported higher symptoms of stress, and girls overall have higher values of such symptoms. It was concluded that both school and cybe rbullying are risk factors for concurrent development of post-traumatic stress symptoms, differently affecting adolescents according to their role. The bully/victims both at school and online reported higher levels of post-traumatic stress, indicating that this is a high risk group that needs special attention and that school bullies, and only victims develop stress out of their behaviour and need to be targeted for prevention of worst health consequences, especially focusing on girls.

David P. Farrington

Papers

Cross-national comparative research on criminal careers, risk factors, crime and punishment:

A 24-year follow-up of men from vulnerable backgrounds

Changes in the most-cited scholars in major international journals between 1986–90 and 1991–95

Two non-reactive field experiments on stealing from a 'lost' letter.

Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Italian Preadolescents Involved in School and Cyber Bullying and Victimization