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Using Multivariate Statistics

This chapter suggests that delinquency conceals two distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating m a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive. There are marked individual differences in the stability of antisocial behavior. The chapter reviews the mysterious relationship between age and antisocial behavior. Some youths who refrain from antisocial behavior may, for some reason, not sense the maturity gap and therefore lack the hypothesized motivation for experimenting with crime.

/pdf/adolescence-limited-and-life-course-persistent-antisocial-52vil00qlw.pdf

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy.

ContextUncertainties exist about prevalence and correlates of major depressive
disorder (MDD).ObjectiveTo present nationally representative data on prevalence and correlates
of MDD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and on study
patterns and correlates of treatment and treatment adequacy from the recently
completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).DesignFace-to-face household survey conducted from February 2001 to December
2002.SettingThe 48 contiguous United States.ParticipantsHousehold residents ages 18 years or older (N = 9090) who responded
to the NCS-R survey.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and correlates of MDD using the World Health Organization's
(WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), 12-month severity
with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR),
the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and the WHO disability assessment scale
(WHO-DAS). Clinical reinterviews used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.ResultsThe prevalence of CIDI MDD for lifetime was 16.2% (95% confidence interval
[CI], 15.1-17.3) (32.6-35.1 million US adults) and for 12-month was 6.6% (95%
CI, 5.9-7.3) (13.1-14.2 million US adults). Virtually all CIDI 12-month cases
were independently classified as clinically significant using the QIDS-SR,
with 10.4% mild, 38.6% moderate, 38.0% severe, and 12.9% very severe. Mean
episode duration was 16 weeks (95% CI, 15.1-17.3). Role impairment as measured
by SDS was substantial as indicated by 59.3% of 12-month cases with severe
or very severe role impairment. Most lifetime (72.1%) and 12-month (78.5%)
cases had comorbid CIDI/DSM-IV disorders, with MDD
only rarely primary. Although 51.6% (95% CI, 46.1-57.2) of 12-month cases
received health care treatment for MDD, treatment was adequate in only 41.9%
(95% CI, 35.9-47.9) of these cases, resulting in 21.7% (95% CI, 18.1-25.2)
of 12-month MDD being adequately treated. Sociodemographic correlates of treatment
were far less numerous than those of prevalence.ConclusionsMajor depressive disorder is a common disorder, widely distributed in
the population, and usually associated with substantial symptom severity and
role impairment. While the recent increase in treatment is encouraging, inadequate
treatment is a serious concern. Emphasis on screening and expansion of treatment
needs to be accompanied by a parallel emphasis on treatment quality improvement.

/pdf/the-epidemiology-of-major-depressive-disorder-results-from-2kfxdgis3p.pdf

The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

This paper presents a critical appraisal of resilience, a construct connoting the maintenance of positive adaptation by individuals despite experiences of significant adversity. As empirical research on resilience has burgeoned in recent years, criticisms have been levied at work in this area. These critiques have generally focused on ambiguities in definitions and central terminology; heterogeneity in risks experienced and competence achieved by individuals viewed as resilient; instability of the phenomenon of resilience; and concerns regarding the usefulness of resilience as a theoretical construct. We address each identified criticism in turn, proposing solutions for those we view as legitimate and clarifying misunderstandings surrounding those we believe to be less valid. We conclude that work on resilience possesses substantial potential for augmenting the understanding of processes affecting at-risk individuals. Realization of the potential embodied by this construct, however, will remain constrained without continued scientific attention to some of the serious conceptual and methodological pitfalls that have been noted by skeptics and proponents alike.

/pdf/the-construct-of-resilience-a-critical-evaluation-and-2zm15ij070.pdf

The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work

The world report on violence and health.

As discussed in Chap. 1, one concern that has been raised about our method of citation analysis is that it uses only a small number of prestigious mainstream CCJ journals. In response to this, we increased the number of journals from 9 to 20. The process of selecting these journals is described in Chap. 2. This chapter examines the most-cited scholars in 2010 in the 20 journals: 5 American criminology journals, 5 American criminal justice journals, 5 international criminology journals, and 5 international criminal justice journals. Exactly the same methods were used in all analyses, so that valid comparisons over time could be made. Comparisons are made with the results from four earlier years (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005) so that changes in the influence and prestige of scholars during the past 20 years can be documented. The most-cited works of the most-cited scholars are also listed.

Most-Cited Scholars in 20 Journals

This chapter examines the most-cited scholars in 2006–2010 in three major American criminology journals (Criminology—CRIM, Journal of Quantitative Criminology—JQC, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency—JRCD) and three major American criminal justice journals (Justice Quarterly—JQ, Journal of Criminal Justice—JCJ, Criminal Justice and Behavior—CJB). The most-cited works of the most-cited scholars are also listed. Comparisons are made with four earlier time periods (1986–1990, 1991–1995, 1996–2000, and 2001–2005) so that changes in the influence and prestige of scholars during the past 25 years can be documented. As we listed the most-cited scholars in CRIM in Chap. 3, we begin with JQC.

Most-Cited Scholars in Six American Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals

Efforts have been made to identify risk factors for youth offending. Studying dichotomous risk factors has several advantages: they make it easy to interpret interaction effects, to identify individuals with multiple risk factors, and to communicate results to a broader audience. Few English language studies have examined risk factors for Japanese youth offending. The present research is based on 637 male youths in Osaka. The results show that four risk factors are particularly related to delinquency and deviance: low parental monitoring, peer delinquency, high risk-taking, and low achievement. These four potential risk factors are similar to risk factors found in longitudinal studies in the USA and the UK. Implications for the prevention of delinquency in Japan are drawn.

Potential Risk Factors for Serious Delinquency: Findings from Osaka Male Youths

Official criminal records are one of the most well-known sources of crime data. Accordingly, this chapter reviews the process whereby the criminal record searches were conducted in order to construct the life-course conviction records among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males from ages 10 to 56. This rich offending information is then analyzed with a particular focus on the key criminal career dimensions of onset age, offending continuity, and criminal career length. The incarceration histories of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males are briefly reviewed also.

Official Criminal Careers

tendency for the most cited authors in the BJC to be among the most cited in Criminology. We concluded that the influence of British criminologists on their American counterparts will increase only to the extent that they are able and willing to carry out high quality quantitative research using sophisticated statistical methods. The origin of this paper lay in our impression that British criminological research was rarely cited in leading American1 criminology journals and books, and therefore (presumably) had little scholarly impact in the United States. We saw two major reasons for this unfortunate state of affairs. The first was that American criminologists rarely read or cited any non-American research (British, Canadian, Australian, etc.). The second was that American criminologists mainly valued quantitative research, such as in Causes of Delinquency (Hirschi 1969) or Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use (Elliott et al. 1985), whereas British criminologists mainly valued qualitative research, such as in Psychological Survival (Cohen and Taylor 1981) or Folk Devils and Moral Panics (Cohen 1980); and that quantitative researchers rarely cited qualitative research, and vice versa.2

David P. Farrington

Papers

Most-Cited Scholars in 20 Journals

Most-Cited Scholars in Six American Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals

Potential Risk Factors for Serious Delinquency: Findings from Osaka Male Youths

Official Criminal Careers

An Analysis of Citations