The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

The main characteristic of Reconfigurable Computing is the presence of hardware that can be reconfigured to implement specific functionality more suitable for specially tailored hardware than on a simple uniprocessor. Reconfigurable computing systems join microprocessors and programmable hardware in order to take advantage of the combined strengths of hardware and software and have been used in applications ranging from embedded systems to high performance computing. Many of the fundamental theories have been identified and used by the Hardware/Software Co-Design research field. Although the same background ideas are shared in both areas, they have different goals and use different approaches.This book is intended as an introduction to the entire range of issues important to reconfigurable computing, using FPGAs as the context, or "computing vehicles" to implement this powerful technology. It will take a reader with a background in the basics of digital design and software programming and provide them with the knowledge needed to be an effective designer or researcher in this rapidly evolving field.

· Treatment of FPGAs as computing vehicles rather than glue-logic or ASIC substitutes
· Views of FPGA programming beyond Verilog/VHDL
· Broad set of case studies demonstrating how to use FPGAs in novel and efficient ways

Reconfigurable Computing: The Theory and Practice of FPGA-Based Computation

The eXtreme Processing Platform (XPPTM) is a new runtime-reconfigurable data processing architecture. It is based on a hierarchical array of coarsegrain, adaptive computing elements, and a packet-oriented communication network. The strength of the XPPTM technology originates from the combination of array processing with unique, powerful run-time reconfiguration mechanisms. Parts of the array can be configured rapidly in parallel while neighboring computing elements are processing data. Reconfiguration is triggered externally or even by special event signals originating within the array, enabling self-reconfiguring designs. The XPPTM architecture is designed to support different types of parallelism: pipelining, instruction level, data flow, and task level parallelism. Therefore this technology is well suited for applications in multimedia, telecommunications, simulation, signal processing (DSP), graphics, and similar stream-based application domains. The anticipated peak performance of the first commercial device running at 150 MHz is estimated to be 57.6 GigaOps/sec, with a peak I/O bandwidth of several GByte/sec. Simulated applications achieve up to 43.5 GigaOps/sec (32-bit fixed point).

PACT XPP—A Self-Reconfigurable Data Processing Architecture

The present invention concerns a new category of integrated circuitry and a new methodology for adaptive or reconfigurable computing. The preferred IC embodiment includes a plurality of heterogeneous computational elements coupled to an interconnection network. The plurality of heterogeneous computational elements include corresponding computational elements having fixed and differing architectures, such as fixed architectures for different functions such as memory, addition, multiplication, complex multiplication, subtraction, configuration, reconfiguration, control, input, output, and field programmability. In response to configuration information, the interconnection network is operative in real-time to configure and reconfigure the plurality of heterogeneous computational elements for a plurality of different functional modes, including linear algorithmic operations, non-linear algorithmic operations, finite state machine operations, memory operations, and bit-level manipulations. The various fixed architectures are selected to comparatively minimize power consumption and increase performance of the adaptive computing integrated circuit, particularly suitable for mobile, hand-held or other battery-powered computing applications.

Adaptive integrated circuitry with heterogeneous and reconfigurable matrices of diverse and adaptive computational units having fixed, application specific computational elements

Application-specific instruction set extensions are an effective way of improving the performance of processors Critical computation subgraphs can be accelerated by collapsing them into new instructions that are executed on specialized function units Collapsing the subgraphs simultaneously reduces the length of computation as well as the number of intermediate results stored in the register file The main problem with this approach is that a new processor must be generated for each application domain While new instructions can be designed automatically, there is a substantial amount of engineering cost incurred to verify and to implement the final custom processor In this work, we propose a strategy to transparent customization of the core computation capabilities of the processor without changing its instruction set A congurable array of function units is added to the baseline processor that enables the acceleration of a wide range of data flow subgraphs To exploit the array, the microarchitecture performs subgraph identification at run-time, replacing them with new microcode instructions to configure and utilize the array We compare the effectiveness of replacing subgraphs in the fill unit of a trace cache versus using a translation table during decode, and evaluate the tradeoffs between static and dynamic identification of subgraphs for instruction set customization

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Application-Specific Processing on a General-Purpose Core via Transparent Instruction Set Customization

In this paper, we describe the implementation of MorphoSys, a reconfigurable processing system targeted at data-parallel and computation-intensive applications. The MorphoSys architecture consists of a reconfigurable component (an array of reconfigurable cells) combined with a RISC control processor and a high bandwidth memory interface. We briefly discuss the system-level model, array architecture, and control processor. Next, we present the detailed design implementation and the various aspects of physical layout of different sub-blocks of MorphoSys. The physical layout was constrained for 100 MHz operation, with low power consumption, and was implemented using 0.35 μm, four metal layer CMOS (3.3 Volts) technology. We provide simulation results for the MorphoSys architecture (based on VHDL model) for some typical data-parallel applications (video compression and automatic target recognition). The results indicate that the MorphoSys system can achieve significantly better performance for most of these applications in comparison with other systems and processors.

Design and Implementation of the MorphoSys Reconfigurable ComputingProcessor

This paper introduces MorphoSys, a parallel system-on-chip which combines a RISC processor with an array of coarse-grain reconfigurable cells. MorphoSys integrates the flexibility of general-purpose systems and high performance levels typical of application-specific systems. Simulation results presented here show significant performance enhancements for different classes of applications, as compared to conventional architectures.

/pdf/the-morphosys-parallel-reconfigurable-system-ctgwljkb5m.pdf

The MorphoSys Parallel Reconfigurable System

In this paper, we present a case study for the design, programming and usage of a reconfigurable system-on-chip, MorphoSys, which is targeted at computation-intensive applications. This 2-million transistor design combines a reconfigurable array of cells with a RISC processor core and a high bandwidth memory interface. The system architecture, software tools including a scheduler for reconfigurable systems, and performance analysis (with impressive speedups) for target applications are described.

/pdf/morphosys-case-study-of-a-reconfigurable-computing-system-38upv9i4b9.pdf

MorphoSys: case study of a reconfigurable computing system targeting multimedia applications

MorphoSys is a system-on-chip which combines a RISC processor with an array of reconfigurable cells. The important features of MorphoSys are coarse-grain granularity dynamic reconfigurability and considerable depth of programmability. The first implementation of the MorphoSys architecture, the M1 chip, is currently at an advanced stage and it will operate at 100 MHz. Simulation results indicate significant performance improvements for different classes of applications, as compared to general-purpose processors. Meanwhile, MorphoSys can provide the potential hardware platforn for the evolvable hardware (EH) simulation with the help of the software.

The MorphoSys dynamically reconfigurable system-on-chip

We describe the MorphoSys reconfigurable system, which combines a reconfigurable array of processor cells with a RISC processor core and a high bandwidth memory interface unit. We introduce the array architecture, its configuration memory, inter-connection network, role of the control processor and related components. Architecture implementation is described in brief and the efficacy of MorphoSys is demonstrated through simulation of video compression (MPEG-2) and target-recognition applications. Comparison with other implementations illustrates that MorphoSys achieves higher performance by up to 10X.

Eliseu M. Chaves Filho

Papers

Design and Implementation of the MorphoSys Reconfigurable ComputingProcessor

The MorphoSys Parallel Reconfigurable System

MorphoSys: case study of a reconfigurable computing system targeting multimedia applications

The MorphoSys dynamically reconfigurable system-on-chip

MorphoSys: a reconfigurable architecture for multimedia applications