A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described. It is similar to the “plus and minus” method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448] but makes use of the 2′,3′-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. The technique has been applied to the DNA of bacteriophage ϕX174 and is more rapid and more accurate than either the plus or the minus method.

/pdf/dna-sequencing-with-chain-terminating-inhibitors-t64rmetxr4.pdf

DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors

The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

/pdf/initial-sequencing-and-analysis-of-the-human-genome-5dapk1rsx1.pdf

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

https://www.biosyn.com/Images/ArticleImages/pdf/A%20simple.pdf

A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein

A thermostable DNA polymerase was used in an in vitro DNA amplification procedure, the polymerase chain reaction. The enzyme, isolated from Thermus aquaticus, greatly simplifies the procedure and, by enabling the amplification reaction to be performed at higher temperatures, significantly improves the specificity, yield, sensitivity, and length of products that can be amplified. Single-copy genomic sequences were amplified by a factor of more than 10 million with very high specificity, and DNA segments up to 2000 base pairs were readily amplified. In addition, the method was used to amplify and detect a target DNA molecule present only once in a sample of 10(5) cells.

/pdf/primer-directed-enzymatic-amplification-of-dna-with-a-4w71pk8nlz.pdf

Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase

Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors

The complete sequence of the 16,569-base pair human mitochondrial genome is presented. The genes for the 12S and 16S rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II and III, ATPase subunit 6, cytochrome b and eight other predicted protein coding genes have been located. The sequence shows extreme economy in that the genes have none or only a few noncoding bases between them, and in many cases the termination codons are not coded in the DNA but are created post-transcriptionally by polyadenylation of the mRNAs.

Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome

Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA sequencing

A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase.

/pdf/the-free-amino-groups-of-insulin-kibccr7mqu.pdf

Frederick Sanger

Papers

DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors

Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome

Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA sequencing

A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase.

The free amino groups of insulin.