There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Hydrogels for tissue engineering.

https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~damlacetin/kmu407/index_dosyalar/4.%20makale.pdf

Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials

Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations.

Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g−1), low density (0.59 g cm−3) and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post-Li-ion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems, including rechargeable Li–air batteries, Li–S batteries, and Li metal batteries which utilize intercalation compounds as cathodes. In this paper, various factors that affect the morphology and Coulombic efficiency of Li metal anodes have been analyzed. Technologies utilized to characterize the morphology of Li deposition and the results obtained by modelling of Li dendrite growth have also been reviewed. Finally, recent development and urgent need in this field are discussed.

Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries

Phosphazene High Polymers with Steroidal Side Groups

The micellar characteristics of the amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on a hydrophobic polyphosphazene (PN) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were investigated by using fluorescence techniques, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The two diblock copolymers with different ratios of the length of block components form spherical micellar aggregates in an aqueous phase. The critical micelle concentrations of PN−PEO 1 and PN−PEO 2, determined by a fluorescence technique, were 12.4 and 5.2 mg/L, respectively. The mean diameters of the micelles of PN−PEO 1 and PN−PEO 2, measured by dynamic light scattering, were 100 and 120 nm. The steady-state fluorescence anisotropy values (r) of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were 0.103 for PN−PEO 1 and 0.108 for PN−PEO 2. The low anisotropy values for PEO−PN compared to those for other polymeric amphiphiles may be due to the intrinsic flexibility of the trifluoroethoxy-substituted polyphosphazene block, which would allow enhanced ...

Amphiphilic Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]−Poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Micellar Characteristics

Methods for the incorporation of phosphate and phosphonate units into the side groups of phosphazenes, at both the high polymeric and cyclic trimer levels, are described and evaluated. Halogenated organophosphates were used as the phosphorylating agents and were allowed to react with hydroxyl- or lithio-functionalized phosphazenes. Well-defined phosphorylated cyclic trimers were synthesized from the hydroxyl-functionalized precursors, and these were examined as flame-retardant additives to polystyrene. The thermal stabilities of the high polymers made by this route were analyzed by TGA.

Harry R. Allcock

Papers

Phosphazene High Polymers with Steroidal Side Groups

Amphiphilic Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]−Poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Micellar Characteristics

Phosphorylation of phosphazenes and its effects on thermal properties and fire retardant behavior

Miscibility of bioerodible polyphosphazene/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) blends.

Synthesis of Triarmed-Star Polyphosphazenes via the “Living” Cationic Polymerization of Phosphoranimines at Ambient Temperatures†