There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Hydrogels for tissue engineering.

https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~damlacetin/kmu407/index_dosyalar/4.%20makale.pdf

Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials

Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations.

Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g−1), low density (0.59 g cm−3) and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post-Li-ion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems, including rechargeable Li–air batteries, Li–S batteries, and Li metal batteries which utilize intercalation compounds as cathodes. In this paper, various factors that affect the morphology and Coulombic efficiency of Li metal anodes have been analyzed. Technologies utilized to characterize the morphology of Li deposition and the results obtained by modelling of Li dendrite growth have also been reviewed. Finally, recent development and urgent need in this field are discussed.

Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries

Attempts have been made to synthesize polyphosphazenes with pendent tertiary amino side units via macromolecular substitution. Incorporation of −OCH2CH2N(CH3)2, −OCH2CH2OCH2CH2N(CH3)2, and −NHCH2CH2N(CH3)2 groups was studied. Polymers in which all the side groups consisted of one type of aliphatic tertiary amino-containing unit and species that also contained 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy or phenoxy groups as cosubstituents were examined. Related phosphazene cyclic trimers were also prepared as small molecule model systems to examine synthetic variables, characterization techniques, and hydrolytic behavior. Those phosphazenes in which the tertiary amino-containing side groups are linked to the skeleton through an aliphatic oxygen−phosphorus bond are sensitive to hydrolysis induced by the basicity of the terminal amino group. However, species in which the tertiary amino-containing units are linked to the backbone through an alkyl nitrogen−phosphorus bond are stable to water and are candidate materials for use in a...

Functionalized polyphosphazenes: Polymers with pendent tertiary trialkylamino groups

PREFACE. PART I INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE. 1. What Is Materials Chemistry? A. Different Types of Materials. B. Uses of Materials. C. Approaches to Producing New Materials, New Properties, and Uses. D. Devices and Machines. E. The Role of Chemistry in Materials Science. F. A Broader Perspective. G. Terminology. H. Example Journals Where Materials Science Publications Can be Found. I. Study Questions. 2. Fundamental Principles that Underlie Materials Chemistry. A. Why Are Different Materials Different. B. The Role of Different Elements. C. Different Types of Chemical Bonds. D. Size of Molecular Units. E. Different Shapes of Component Molecules and Infl uence of Solid-State Structure. F. Suggestions for Further Reading. G. Study Questions. 3. Basic Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry. A. Underlying Principles. B. Starting Points for Materials Synthesis-Isolation of Elements. C. Principles that Underlie Materials Synthesis. D. Illustrative Chemistry of Selected Nonmetallic Elements. E. Suggestions for Further Reading. F. Study Questions. 4. Structure Determination and Special Techniques for Materials Characterization. A. Purpose. B. Analysis of Bulk Materials. C. Surface and Thin-Film Analysis Techniques. D. Solution Analysis Techniques. E. Suggestions for Further Reading. F. Study Questions. PART II DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS. 5. Small Molecules in Solids. A. Importance of Small-Molecule Materials. B. Packing of Small Molecules in the Solid State. C. Self-Assembly by Crystallization. D. Spherical Molecules Such as Fullerenes in the Solid State. E. Disk-Shaped Molecules and Other Flat Structures. F. Rod-Shaped Molecules. G. Charge Transfer Complexes. H. Clathrates-Molecular Inclusion Adducts. I. Suggestions for Further Reading. J. Study Questions. 6. Polymers. A. Overview. B. Synthesis of Polymers. C. Structure-Property Relationships and Polymer Design. D. Polymers in the Solid State. E. Fabrication of Polymers. F. Example Polymeric Materials. G. Future Challenges in Polymeric Materials Science. H. Suggestions for Further Reading. I. Study Questions. 7. Glasses and Ceramics. A. Overview. B. Oxide Ceramics and Glasses Obtained or Produced Directly from Mineralogical Materials. C. Oxide Ceramics from Small-Molecule Inorganic and Organometallic Precursors. D. Nonoxide Ceramics. E. Fabrication of Ceramics and Glasses. F. Future Challenges in Ceramics and Glass Science. G. Suggestions for Further Reading. H. Study Questions. 8. Metals. A. Important Aspects of Metal Science and Technology. B. Isolation of Specific Metals from Their Ores. C. Corrosion. D. Solid-State Structure of Metals and Alloys. E. Electrical Conductivity. F. The Color of Metals. G. Thermal Conductivity of Metals. H. Magnetic Properties of Metals. I. Mechanical Properties of Metals. J. Fabrication of Metals. K. Future Challenges in Metallic Materials. L. Suggestion for Further Reading. M. Study Questions. 9. Alloys, Composites, and Defects. A. Overview. B. Pure Materials and Homogeneous Solid Solutions. C. Heterophase Materials. D. Suggestion for Further Reading. E. Study Questions. PART III MATERIALS IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. 10. Semiconductors and Related Materials. A. Importance of Semiconductors. B. Semiconductor Theory. C. Preparation of Semiconductor-Grade Silicon and Compound Semiconductors. D. Organic Polymer Semiconductors. E. Photolithography and Microlithography. F. Photoresists. G. Electron Beam Lithography. H. X-Ray Lithography. I. Circuit Wiring. J. Semiconductor Devices. K. Unsolved Problems in Semiconductor Materials Science. L. Suggestions for Further Reading. M. Study Questions. 11. Superconductors. A. Overview. B. Nomenclature. C. Synthesis of High-Temperature Superconductors. D. Solid-State Structure. E. Theories of Superconduction. F. Other Superconducting Systems. G. Current and Proposed Uses for Superconductors. H. Challenges for the Future. I. Suggestions for Further Reading. J. Study Questions. 12. Solid Ionic Conductors: Advanced Materials for Energy Generation and Energy Storage. A. General Observations. B. Fuel Cell Materials. C. Battery Electrolyte Materials. D. Capacitors and Supercapacitors. E. Challenges for the Future. F. Suggestions for Further Reading. G. Study Questions. 13. Membranes. A. Background. B. Porous Membranes. C. Membranes that Function by a Chemical Reaction. D. Nonporous Membranes that Do Not React with Participating Molecules. E. Specific Examples of Materials Used in Solid Polymeric Membranes. F. Gel Membranes. G. Testing of Membranes. H. Sound Transducer Membranes. I. Challenges for the Future. J. Suggestions for Further Reading. K. Study Questions. 14. Optical and Photonic Materials. A. Overview. B. Passive Optical Materials. C. Responsive Optical Materials. D. Challenges for the Future. E. Final Comments. F. Suggestions for Further Reading. G. Study Questions. 15. Surface Science of Materials. A. Perspective. B. Summary of Characterization Methods. C. Surfaces of Metals. D. Ceramic Surfaces. E. Polymer Surfaces. F. Surfaces of Semiconductors. G. Assembly of Molecules on Surfaces. H. Adhesion and Surface Chemistry. I. Relationship to Other Materials Topics. J. Suggestions for Further Reading. K. Study Questions. 16. Biomedical Materials. A. Special Requirements for Biomedical Materials. B. Traditional Biomedical Materials. C. Materials for Specific Medical Applications. E. Unsolved Problems in Biomedical Materials Science. F. Suggestions for Further Reading. G. Study Questions. 17. Materials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. A. Background and Motivation. B. Synthesis and Fabrication of Nanostructures. C. Examples of Nanostructures. D. Major Challenges in Nanoscience and Technology. E. Suggestions for Further Reading. F. Study Questions. GLOSSARY. INDEX.

Introduction to Materials Chemistry

The synthesis and applications of novel aryloxy/oligoethyleneoxy substituted polyphosphazenes as solid polymer electrolytes

A method for sulfonating aminophosphazenes with the use of 1,3-propanesultone is described. The alkanesulfonation reactions were first developed with small molecule phosphazene cyclic trimers as models for high polymeric phosphazenes. High molecular weight poly(aminophosphazenes) were then sulfonated using similar techniques. This synthetic approach to sulfonated polymers is valuable for the development of new biomedical materials, membranes, reversibly cross-linkable polymers, surfactants, and polyelectrolytes

Alkanesulfonation of cyclic and high polymeric phosphazenes

: The reactions between polydichlorophosphazene, (npcl2)n, leads to both halogen substitution and chain cleavage. A new series of polymers was prepared when 10% of the chlorine atoms were replaced by phenyl groups and the remaining halogen in then replaced by trifluoroethoxy or butyl -amino groups. (Author)

Harry R. Allcock

Papers

Functionalized polyphosphazenes: Polymers with pendent tertiary trialkylamino groups

Introduction to Materials Chemistry

The synthesis and applications of novel aryloxy/oligoethyleneoxy substituted polyphosphazenes as solid polymer electrolytes

Alkanesulfonation of cyclic and high polymeric phosphazenes

Reaction of Phenyllithium with Poly(dichlorophosphazene)