The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

New information regarding neuronal circuits that control food intake and their hormonal regulation has extended our understanding of energy homeostasis, the process whereby energy intake is matched to energy expenditure over time. The profound obesity that results in rodents (and in the rare human case as well) from mutation of key signalling molecules involved in this regulatory system highlights its importance to human health. Although each new signalling pathway discovered in the hypothalamus is a potential target for drug development in the treatment of obesity, the growing number of such signalling molecules indicates that food intake is controlled by a highly complex process. To better understand how energy homeostasis can be achieved, we describe a model that delineates the roles of individual hormonal and neuropeptide signalling pathways in the control of food intake and the means by which obesity can arise from inherited or acquired defects in their function.

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Central nervous system control of food intake

Cannon, Barbara, and Jan Nedergaard. Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance. Physiol Rev 84: 277–359, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00015.2003.—The function of brown adipose tissue i...

Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance

https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Berridge&RobinsonBrResRev1998.pdf

What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?

We hypothesize that there is a general bias, based on both innate predispositions and experience, in animals and humans, to give greater weight to negative entities (e.g., events, objects, personal traits). This is manifested in 4 ways: (a) negative potency (negative entities are stronger than the equivalent positive entities), (b) steeper nega tive gradients (the negativity of negative events grows more rapidly with approach to them in space or time than does the positivity of positive events, (c) negativity domi nance (combinations of negative and positive entities yield evaluations that are more negative than the algebraic sum of individual subjective valences would predict), and (d) negative differentiation (negative entities are more varied, yield more complex conceptual representations, and engage a wider response repertoire). We review evi dence for this taxonomy, with emphasis on negativity dominance, including literary, historical, religious, and cultural sources, as well as the psychological literatures on learning, attention, impression formation, contagion, moral judgment, development, and memory. We then consider a variety of theoretical accounts for negativity bias. We suggest that 1 feature of negative events that make them dominant is that negative entities are more contagious than positive entities.

/pdf/negativity-bias-negativity-dominance-and-contagion-2njh4nr8pi.pdf

Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion

Relationship between diet-induced changes in body fat and appetite sensations in women

Brain fos-like immunoreactivity in chronic decerebrate and neurologically intact rats given 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol.

To evaluate whether the potent hypophagic and weight‐suppressive effects of growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF15) and semaglutide combined would be a more efficacious antiobesity treatment than either treatment alone by examining whether the neural and behavioural mechanisms contributing to their anorectic effects were common or disparate.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and semaglutide inhibit food intake and body weight through largely distinct, additive mechanisms

the central nervous system detects correlates of reduced energy availability and activates circuits that trigger compensatory responses that collectively restore energy balance. The seminal experiments of Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon defined concepts underlying the regulatory physiology of

Hindbrain energy status controls hypothalamic metabolic and neuropeptide signals. Focus on “Hindbrain lactostasis regulates hypothalamic AMPK activity and hypothalamic metabolic neurotransmitter mRNA and protein responses to hypoglycemia”

Erratum: Endogenous Leptin Signaling in the Caudal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius and Area Postrema Is Required for Energy Balance Regulation (Cell Metabolism (2010) 11 (77-83))

Harvey J. Grill

Papers

Relationship between diet-induced changes in body fat and appetite sensations in women

Brain fos-like immunoreactivity in chronic decerebrate and neurologically intact rats given 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and semaglutide inhibit food intake and body weight through largely distinct, additive mechanisms

Hindbrain energy status controls hypothalamic metabolic and neuropeptide signals. Focus on “Hindbrain lactostasis regulates hypothalamic AMPK activity and hypothalamic metabolic neurotransmitter mRNA and protein responses to hypoglycemia”

Erratum: Endogenous Leptin Signaling in the Caudal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius and Area Postrema Is Required for Energy Balance Regulation (Cell Metabolism (2010) 11 (77-83))