The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Copper is an essential trace element in living systems, present in the parts per million concentration range. It is a key cofactor in a diverse array of biological oxidation-reduction reactions. These involve either outer-sphere electron transfer, as in the blue copper proteins and the Cu{sub A} site of cytochrome oxidase and nitrous oxide redutase, or inner-sphere electron transfer in the binding, activation, and reduction of dioxygen, superoxide, nitrite, and nitrous oxide. Copper sites have historically been divided into three classes based on their spectroscopic features, which reflect the geometric and electronic structure of the active site: type 1 (T1) or blue copper, type 2 (T2) or normal copper, and type 3 (T3) or coupled binuclear copper centers. 428 refs.

Multicopper Oxidases and Oxygenases

Denitrification is a distinct means of energy conservation, making use of N oxides as terminal electron acceptors for cellular bioenergetics under anaerobic, microaerophilic, and occasionally aerobic conditions. The process is an essential branch of the global N cycle, reversing dinitrogen fixation, and is associated with chemolithotrophic, phototrophic, diazotrophic, or organotrophic metabolism but generally not with obligately anaerobic life. Discovered more than a century ago and believed to be exclusively a bacterial trait, denitrification has now been found in halophilic and hyperthermophilic archaea and in the mitochondria of fungi, raising evolutionarily intriguing vistas. Important advances in the biochemical characterization of denitrification and the underlying genetics have been achieved with Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paracoccus denitrificans, Ralstonia eutropha, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Pseudomonads represent one of the largest assemblies of the denitrifying bacteria within a single genus, favoring their use as model organisms. Around 50 genes are required within a single bacterium to encode the core structures of the denitrification apparatus. Much of the denitrification process of gram-negative bacteria has been found confined to the periplasm, whereas the topology and enzymology of the gram-positive bacteria are less well established. The activation and enzymatic transformation of N oxides is based on the redox chemistry of Fe, Cu, and Mo. Biochemical breakthroughs have included the X-ray structures of the two types of respiratory nitrite reductases and the isolation of the novel enzymes nitric oxide reductase and nitrous oxide reductase, as well as their structural characterization by indirect spectroscopic means. This revealed unexpected relationships among denitrification enzymes and respiratory oxygen reductases. Denitrification is intimately related to fundamental cellular processes that include primary and secondary transport, protein translocation, cytochrome c biogenesis, anaerobic gene regulation, metalloprotein assembly, and the biosynthesis of the cofactors molybdopterin and heme D1. An important class of regulators for the anaerobic expression of the denitrification apparatus are transcription factors of the greater FNR family. Nitrate and nitric oxide, in addition to being respiratory substrates, have been identified as signaling molecules for the induction of distinct N oxide-metabolizing enzymes.

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Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification.

Graphene, a single monolayer of graphite, has recently attracted considerable interest owing to its novel magneto-transport properties, high carrier mobility and ballistic transport up to room temperature. It has the potential for technological applications as a successor of silicon in the post Moore's law era, as a single-molecule gas sensor, in spintronics, in quantum computing or as a terahertz oscillator. For such applications, uniform ordered growth of graphene on an insulating substrate is necessary. The growth of graphene on insulating silicon carbide (SiC) surfaces by high-temperature annealing in vacuum was previously proposed to open a route for large-scale production of graphene-based devices. However, vacuum decomposition of SiC yields graphene layers with small grains (30-200 nm; refs 14-16). Here, we show that the ex situ graphitization of Si-terminated SiC(0001) in an argon atmosphere of about 1 bar produces monolayer graphene films with much larger domain sizes than previously attainable. Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements confirm the improved quality of the films thus obtained. High electronic mobilities were found, which reach mu=2,000 cm (2) V(-1) s(-1) at T=27 K. The new growth process introduced here establishes a method for the synthesis of graphene films on a technologically viable basis.

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Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide

For present purposes, a protein-bound metal site consists of one or more metal ions and all protein side chain and exogenous bridging and terminal ligands that define the first coordination sphere of each metal ion. Such sites can be classified into five basic types with the indicated functions: (1) structural -- configuration (in part) of protein tertiary and/or quaternary structure; (2) storage -- uptake, binding, and release of metals in soluble form: (3) electron transfer -- uptake, release, and storage of electrons; (4) dioxygen binding -- metal-O{sub 2} coordination and decoordination; and (5) catalytic -- substrate binding, activation, and turnover. The authors present here a classification and structure/function analysis of native metal sites based on these functions, where 5 is an extensive class subdivided by the type of reaction catalyzed. Within this purview, coverage of the various site types is extensive, but not exhaustive. The purpose of this exposition is to present examples of all types of sites and to relate, insofar as is currently feasible, the structure and function of selected types. The authors largely confine their considerations to the sites themselves, with due recognition that these site features are coupled to protein structure at all levels. In themore » next section, the coordination chemistry of metalloprotein sites and the unique properties of a protein as a ligand are briefly summarized. Structure/function relationships are systematically explored and tabulations of structurally defined sites presented. Finally, future directions in bioinorganic research in the context of metal site chemistry are considered. 620 refs.« less

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Structural and Functional Aspects of Metal Sites in Biology

To study the magnetization properties of a micron-sized GnMnAs film, we characterize the mechanical properties of a micro-cantilever integrating a GaMnAs Hall bar. The magnetic field dependence of its mechanical resonance frequency below the Curie temperature is remarkably different from that above the Curie temperature. The frequency shift, which reflects the field-induced Mn spin rotation, is mainly caused by the magnetoelastic coupling. This result demonstrates that a micromechanical cantilever is a powerful tool for investigating the magnetic properties of micrometer-sized ferromagnetic materials. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Mechanically detected field‐induced Mn spin rotation in GaMnAs

Trois types de tâches mesurant les temps de reaction sont utilises aupres de 24 etudiants pour evaluer les effets de deux sortes de benzodiazepines sur les etapes de traitement interne lie aux capacites reactives

Acute behavioral effects of a single dosage of temazepam and nitrazepam on reactive skills

Research on perovskites, a highly promising type of semiconductor material in the field of photovoltaics, has made amazing progress. The development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has so far reached a certified power conversion eﬃciency (PCE) of 25.7%. Since the interfaces in PSCs are closely connected to the carrier dynamics (charge separation, transport, injection, collection and recombination), interfacial engineering has become a powerful tool in enhancing the device performance and long-term stability. This review focuses on critically discussing the emerging materials and strategies for interfacial engineering at the charge transport layer (CTL)/perovskite and CTL/electrode interfaces in PSCs with both normal and inverted structures. In particular, the underlying mechanisms of various materials for interfacial engineering in maximizing the PCE and the long-term stability of PSCs are systematically demonstrated. Finally, a brief summary of the latest advances and breakthroughs, and a perspective on the future research directions are presented, which are expected to promote the development of this important research field.

Recent advances in the interfacial engineering of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells: a materials perspective

Lp(a)の血清リポ蛋白亜分画分布

Photonic-crystal cavities were fabricated in GaAs slab. Photoluminescence agreed with calculated cavity mode on resonant wavelength and polarization dependence. Emission from a single QD enhanced by a cavity mode was also observed.

Hiroshi Yamaguchi

Papers

Mechanically detected field‐induced Mn spin rotation in GaMnAs

Acute behavioral effects of a single dosage of temazepam and nitrazepam on reactive skills

Recent advances in the interfacial engineering of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells: a materials perspective

Lp(a)の血清リポ蛋白亜分画分布

Enhanced Single QD Spectra from 2D GaAs Photonic-Crystal Cavities