The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Copper is an essential trace element in living systems, present in the parts per million concentration range. It is a key cofactor in a diverse array of biological oxidation-reduction reactions. These involve either outer-sphere electron transfer, as in the blue copper proteins and the Cu{sub A} site of cytochrome oxidase and nitrous oxide redutase, or inner-sphere electron transfer in the binding, activation, and reduction of dioxygen, superoxide, nitrite, and nitrous oxide. Copper sites have historically been divided into three classes based on their spectroscopic features, which reflect the geometric and electronic structure of the active site: type 1 (T1) or blue copper, type 2 (T2) or normal copper, and type 3 (T3) or coupled binuclear copper centers. 428 refs.

Multicopper Oxidases and Oxygenases

Denitrification is a distinct means of energy conservation, making use of N oxides as terminal electron acceptors for cellular bioenergetics under anaerobic, microaerophilic, and occasionally aerobic conditions. The process is an essential branch of the global N cycle, reversing dinitrogen fixation, and is associated with chemolithotrophic, phototrophic, diazotrophic, or organotrophic metabolism but generally not with obligately anaerobic life. Discovered more than a century ago and believed to be exclusively a bacterial trait, denitrification has now been found in halophilic and hyperthermophilic archaea and in the mitochondria of fungi, raising evolutionarily intriguing vistas. Important advances in the biochemical characterization of denitrification and the underlying genetics have been achieved with Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paracoccus denitrificans, Ralstonia eutropha, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Pseudomonads represent one of the largest assemblies of the denitrifying bacteria within a single genus, favoring their use as model organisms. Around 50 genes are required within a single bacterium to encode the core structures of the denitrification apparatus. Much of the denitrification process of gram-negative bacteria has been found confined to the periplasm, whereas the topology and enzymology of the gram-positive bacteria are less well established. The activation and enzymatic transformation of N oxides is based on the redox chemistry of Fe, Cu, and Mo. Biochemical breakthroughs have included the X-ray structures of the two types of respiratory nitrite reductases and the isolation of the novel enzymes nitric oxide reductase and nitrous oxide reductase, as well as their structural characterization by indirect spectroscopic means. This revealed unexpected relationships among denitrification enzymes and respiratory oxygen reductases. Denitrification is intimately related to fundamental cellular processes that include primary and secondary transport, protein translocation, cytochrome c biogenesis, anaerobic gene regulation, metalloprotein assembly, and the biosynthesis of the cofactors molybdopterin and heme D1. An important class of regulators for the anaerobic expression of the denitrification apparatus are transcription factors of the greater FNR family. Nitrate and nitric oxide, in addition to being respiratory substrates, have been identified as signaling molecules for the induction of distinct N oxide-metabolizing enzymes.

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Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification.

Graphene, a single monolayer of graphite, has recently attracted considerable interest owing to its novel magneto-transport properties, high carrier mobility and ballistic transport up to room temperature. It has the potential for technological applications as a successor of silicon in the post Moore's law era, as a single-molecule gas sensor, in spintronics, in quantum computing or as a terahertz oscillator. For such applications, uniform ordered growth of graphene on an insulating substrate is necessary. The growth of graphene on insulating silicon carbide (SiC) surfaces by high-temperature annealing in vacuum was previously proposed to open a route for large-scale production of graphene-based devices. However, vacuum decomposition of SiC yields graphene layers with small grains (30-200 nm; refs 14-16). Here, we show that the ex situ graphitization of Si-terminated SiC(0001) in an argon atmosphere of about 1 bar produces monolayer graphene films with much larger domain sizes than previously attainable. Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements confirm the improved quality of the films thus obtained. High electronic mobilities were found, which reach mu=2,000 cm (2) V(-1) s(-1) at T=27 K. The new growth process introduced here establishes a method for the synthesis of graphene films on a technologically viable basis.

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Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide

For present purposes, a protein-bound metal site consists of one or more metal ions and all protein side chain and exogenous bridging and terminal ligands that define the first coordination sphere of each metal ion. Such sites can be classified into five basic types with the indicated functions: (1) structural -- configuration (in part) of protein tertiary and/or quaternary structure; (2) storage -- uptake, binding, and release of metals in soluble form: (3) electron transfer -- uptake, release, and storage of electrons; (4) dioxygen binding -- metal-O{sub 2} coordination and decoordination; and (5) catalytic -- substrate binding, activation, and turnover. The authors present here a classification and structure/function analysis of native metal sites based on these functions, where 5 is an extensive class subdivided by the type of reaction catalyzed. Within this purview, coverage of the various site types is extensive, but not exhaustive. The purpose of this exposition is to present examples of all types of sites and to relate, insofar as is currently feasible, the structure and function of selected types. The authors largely confine their considerations to the sites themselves, with due recognition that these site features are coupled to protein structure at all levels. In themore » next section, the coordination chemistry of metalloprotein sites and the unique properties of a protein as a ligand are briefly summarized. Structure/function relationships are systematically explored and tabulations of structurally defined sites presented. Finally, future directions in bioinorganic research in the context of metal site chemistry are considered. 620 refs.« less

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Structural and Functional Aspects of Metal Sites in Biology

Psychosomatic disorders in patient with cardiac disease

A modern FPGA card can be equipped with high bandwidth memory, such as HBM2. Since the amount of the memory is limited on an FPGA, highly parallel data processing becomes crucial on tightly coupled FPGAs by high-density optical integration, e.g., onboard Si-Photonics transceivers. This study presents a scalable distributed radix sorter, and implements it on an eight-FPGA cluster. Each custom Stratix10 MX2100 FPGA card has 819-Gbps memory bandwidth with two HBM2 memories and 800-Gbps network bandwidth with eight custom embedded optical modules. Existing FPGA sorter typically relies on a merge sort. However, it has a severe performance bottleneck at the final stage of data merge, which cannot make the best use of the high memory-to-memory bandwidth on the FPGA cluster. Instead, we implement a radix sort for a 32-bit key range consisting of eight 4-bit counting sorts optimized to the memory-network structure. Each counting sort needs memory read/write access only once through global and local pipelines. We demonstrated a sorting throughput of 37.2 GB/s.

A Scalable Distributed Radix Sorter for FPGA Clusters using High-Bandwidth Memory Networks

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To utilize a M(M) solution in a series of processes without wasting the same by forming the low specific radioactive M(M) solution containingTas a raw material and using properties of theTsolution.SOLUTION: A manufacturing method includes a manufacturing process 1 for forming a low specific radioactive M(M)solution as a raw material without using uranium as a raw material, a manufacturing process 2 for forming aTgenerator column or aTgenerator by generatingTby a radio-equilibrium using the M(M)solution formed in the manufacturing process 1 as a raw material, passing the same through the M(M) solution containing pure alumina M(M) absorber and absorbing the M(M) and a manufacturing process 3 for generating aTsolution or aTformulation by generatingTby radio-equilibrium using the M(M) solution containing remainingTin the manufacturing process 2, passing the same through an adsorption column containing an active carbon absorption agent. Or it includes processes with reversing an order of the manufacturing processes 2 and 3.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

MANUFACTURING METHOD OF 99mTC FORMULATION AND 99mTC GENERATOR FROM LOW SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVE 99Mo USING Mo AND NO URANIUM AS RAW MATERIAL, MANUFACTURING DEVICE OF 99mTC FORMULATION AND 99mTC GENERATOR AND 99mTC GENERATOR COLUMN

Fabrication of Suspended Nanowire Mechanical Devices Using Inkjet Technology

fore [5], [6]. However, no paper on the linearity performance of these two kinds of HEMTs has ever been reported. The In0.52Al0.48As/In0.6Ga0.4As MHEMTs with different doping profiles are studied in this letter for device linearity comparison. Fig. 1 shows the two kinds of device structures studied: one with uniform doping in the In0.3Al0.7As layer and another one with δ doping between the In0.3Al0.7As and In0.52Al0.48As layers. These wafers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on 3-in GaAs substrates with a InAlAs-graded metamorphic buffer. The In0.52Ga0.48As layer was used as the cap layer with a doping concentration of 3 × 10 18 cm −3 to get good ohmic contacts. The In0.3Al0.7As Schottky layer has high etch selectivity with the In0.52Ga0.48As cap layer, which provides excellent gate recess uniformity. Dual channels with In0.52Al0.48As spacer layers are designed to increase the current density, provide uniform electron distribution, and improve the device linearity [4], [7].

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Hiroshi Yamaguchi

Papers

Psychosomatic disorders in patient with cardiac disease

A Scalable Distributed Radix Sorter for FPGA Clusters using High-Bandwidth Memory Networks

MANUFACTURING METHOD OF 99mTC FORMULATION AND 99mTC GENERATOR FROM LOW SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVE 99Mo USING Mo AND NO URANIUM AS RAW MATERIAL, MANUFACTURING DEVICE OF 99mTC FORMULATION AND 99mTC GENERATOR AND 99mTC GENERATOR COLUMN

Fabrication of Suspended Nanowire Mechanical Devices Using Inkjet Technology

Device Linearity Comparison of Uniformly Doped