John V. Carlis

TL;DR: It is shown that peak virus production in gut tissues of SIV-infected rhesus macaques coincides with peak numbers of infected memory CD4+ T cells, underscoring the importance of developing countermeasures to SIV that are effective before infection of GALT.

TL;DR: G glycerol monolaurate—a widely used antimicrobial compound with inhibitory activity against the production of MIP-3α and other proinflammatory cytokines—can inhibit mucosal signalling and the innate and inflammatory response to HIV-1 and SIV in vitro, and in vivo it can protect rhesus macaques from acute infection despite repeated intra-vaginal exposure to high doses of SIV.

TL;DR: It is shown that the mucosal barrier greatly limits the infection of cervicovaginal tissues, and thus the initial founder populations of infected cells are small, and that continuous seeding from an expanding source of production at the portal of entry is likely critical for the later establishment of a productive infection throughout the systemic LTs.

TL;DR: It is suggested that active immune regulatory mechanisms, rather than intrinsically attenuated innate immune responses, underlie the low levels of immune activation characteristic of SMs chronically infected with SIV.

TL;DR: Sequencing novel genes expressed during xylem formation will provide a powerful means of identifying mechanisms controlling this important differentiation pathway, as well as providing material for comparative analysis of gymnosperm and angiosperm sequences.