다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges

Recent advances in mechanics and materials provide routes to integrated circuits that can offer the electrical properties of conventional, rigid wafer-based technologies but with the ability to be stretched, compressed, twisted, bent, and deformed into arbitrary shapes. Inorganic and organic electronic materials in microstructured and nanostructured forms, intimately integrated with elastomeric substrates, offer particularly attractive characteristics, with realistic pathways to sophisticated embodiments. Here, we review these strategies and describe applications of them in systems ranging from electronic eyeball cameras to deformable light-emitting displays. We conclude with some perspectives on routes to commercialization, new device opportunities, and remaining challenges for research.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/327/5973/1603.full.pdf

Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mixed mode cracking in layered materials. There is ample experimental evidence that cracks in brittle, isotropic, homogeneous materials propagate such that pure mode I conditions are maintained at the crack tip. An unloaded crack subsequently subject to a combination of modes I and II will initiate growth by kinking in such a direction that the advancing tip is in mode I. The chapter also elaborates some of the basic results on the characterization of crack tip fields and on the specification of interface toughness. The competition between crack advance within the interface and kinking out of the interface depends on the relative toughness of the interface to that of the adjoining material. The interface stress intensity factors play precisely the same role as their counterparts in elastic fracture mechanics for homogeneous, isotropic solids. When an interface between a bimaterial system is actually a very thin layer of a third phase, the details of the cracking morphology in the thin interface layer can also play a role in determining the mixed mode toughness. The elasticity solutions for cracks in multilayers are also elaborated.

Mixed mode cracking in layered materials

Models that characterize the displacement instability of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) found in some thermal barrier systems are reviewed, consolidated and extended. It is demonstrated that the simulations are only consistent with the observations whenever the bond coat and TGO both undergo plastic deformation. The TGO yields at the peak temperature, during growth, while the bond coat yields on thermal cycling. The trends oppose. Namely, the TGO displacement is diminished by increasing the high temperature strength of the bond coat, but is increased upon increasing the TGO strength. The model rationalizes certain experimental trends, particularly the decrease in durability as the hot time per cycle decreases. Interactions between the instability and cracks in the thermal barrier layer are discussed.

/pdf/the-displacement-of-the-thermally-grown-oxide-in-thermal-1ocll4l2ry.pdf

The Displacement of the Thermally Grown Oxide in Thermal Barrier Systems Upon Temperature Cycling

The role of low-density structural polymeric foams filling the interstices of the cores of metal sandwich plates is studied to ascertain the strengthening of the cores and the enhancement of plate performance under crushing and impulsive loads. Square honeycomb and folded plate steel cores filled with two densities of structural foams are studied. The foam makes direct contributions to core strength and stiffness, but its main contribution is in supplying lateral support to core members thereby enhancing the buckling strength of these members. Performance is assessed at fixed total weight of the sandwich plate such that the weight of the foam is traded against that of the metal. The outcome of the comparative study suggests that plates with foam-filled cores can perform as well, or nearly as well, as plates of the same weight with unfilled cores. The decision on use of foams in the cores is therefore likely to rest on multifunctional advantages such as acoustic and thermal insulation or environmental isolation of core interstices.

/pdf/metal-sandwich-plates-with-polymer-foam-filled-cores-20uvphhcp1.pdf

Metal sandwich plates with polymer foam-filled cores

Buckling and initial postbuckling behavior of thin elastic cylindrical shells of elliptical cross section

Buckling and Initial Postbuckling Behavior of Oval Cylindrical Shells Under Axial Compression

Differential Hardening in Sheet Metal Under Biaxial Loading: A Theoretical Framework

Buckling load of cylindrical shell with asymmetric and axisymmetric imperfections and calculation of upper bound to buckling load for shell with axisymmetric imperfections

/pdf/axial-buckling-of-pressurized-imperfect-cylindrical-shells-131ynvk4oo.pdf

John W. Hutchinson

Papers

The Displacement of the Thermally Grown Oxide in Thermal Barrier Systems Upon Temperature Cycling

Metal sandwich plates with polymer foam-filled cores

Buckling and Initial Postbuckling Behavior of Oval Cylindrical Shells Under Axial Compression

Differential Hardening in Sheet Metal Under Biaxial Loading: A Theoretical Framework

Axial buckling of pressurized imperfect cylindrical shells