다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges

Recent advances in mechanics and materials provide routes to integrated circuits that can offer the electrical properties of conventional, rigid wafer-based technologies but with the ability to be stretched, compressed, twisted, bent, and deformed into arbitrary shapes. Inorganic and organic electronic materials in microstructured and nanostructured forms, intimately integrated with elastomeric substrates, offer particularly attractive characteristics, with realistic pathways to sophisticated embodiments. Here, we review these strategies and describe applications of them in systems ranging from electronic eyeball cameras to deformable light-emitting displays. We conclude with some perspectives on routes to commercialization, new device opportunities, and remaining challenges for research.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/327/5973/1603.full.pdf

Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mixed mode cracking in layered materials. There is ample experimental evidence that cracks in brittle, isotropic, homogeneous materials propagate such that pure mode I conditions are maintained at the crack tip. An unloaded crack subsequently subject to a combination of modes I and II will initiate growth by kinking in such a direction that the advancing tip is in mode I. The chapter also elaborates some of the basic results on the characterization of crack tip fields and on the specification of interface toughness. The competition between crack advance within the interface and kinking out of the interface depends on the relative toughness of the interface to that of the adjoining material. The interface stress intensity factors play precisely the same role as their counterparts in elastic fracture mechanics for homogeneous, isotropic solids. When an interface between a bimaterial system is actually a very thin layer of a third phase, the details of the cracking morphology in the thin interface layer can also play a role in determining the mixed mode toughness. The elasticity solutions for cracks in multilayers are also elaborated.

Mixed mode cracking in layered materials

The cellular structure of metallic foams requires special precautions in characterization and testing. This chapter summarizes reliable methods for characterizing metallic foams in uniaxial compression, uniaxial tension, and shear and multiaxial stress states, under conditions of creep and fatigue, and during indentation. A metal foam is characterized structurally by its cell topology, relative density, cell size, cell shape, and anisotropy. Optical microscopy is helpful in characterizing metal foams provided that the foam is fully impregnated with opaque epoxy (or equivalent) before polishing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is straightforward, where the only necessary precaution is related to surface preparation. X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) gives low magnification images of planes within the foam, which can be assembled into a three-dimensional image. The ratio of the specimen size to the cell size can affect the measured mechanical properties of foams. Uniaxial compressive tests are best performed on prismatic or cylindrical specimens of foam with a height-to-thickness ratio exceeding 1.5. Uniaxial tension tests can be performed on either waisted cylinder or dog-bone specimens. The shear modulus of metallic foams is most easily measured by torsion tests on waisted cylindrical specimens. An alternative test for the measurement of shear strength is ASTM C-273. The most useful form of fatigue test is the stress-life S-N test, performed in load control. Care is needed to define the fatigue life of a foam specimen. There are three types of fatigue: tension–tension fatigue, shear fatigue, and compression–compression fatigue.

Chapter 3 - Characterization methods

This paper investigates issues that have arisen in experimental and theoretical studies of the stability of a dielectric elastomeric layer bonded to a stiff substrate and subject to a voltage difference across the top and bottom conducting surfaces of the layer. The role of equi-biaxial pre-stretch of the layer prior to bonding to the substrate is a central factor in the investigation. The focus is the competition between wrinkling and creasing and how this competition is affected by pre-stretch. A finite element model of the system is employed to generate wrinkling bifurcation and advanced post-bifurcation solutions in the form of localized modes, either crease-like or groove-like depending on the pre-stretch. The constitutive model includes elastic compressibility, but the formulation produces accurate solutions for nearly incompressible materials which coincide with the neo-Hookean solid in the incompressible limit. The numerical simulations reveal that localized crease solutions exist at voltages below the critical voltage for wrinkling bifurcation for equi-biaxial pre- stretches below about 2.4. In this range, the wrinkling bifurcation is highly unstable, creasing rather than wrinkling can be expected, and a discontinuous transition is predicted with a finite energy barrier that may be overcome due to the presence of surface defects. With an equi-biaxial pre-stretch greater than 2.4, a continuous transition is predicted with no energy barrier, forming a localized groove due to nonlinear interactions among the unstable wrinkling modes. 

Formation of surface wrinkles and creases in constrained dielectric elastomers subject to electromechanical loading

Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities

Foreign-object damage associated with the ingestion ofdebris into aircraft turbine engines can lead to a marked degradation inthe high-cycle fatigue life of turbine components. This degradation isgenerally considered to be associated with the premature initiation offatigue cracks at or near the damage sites; this is suspected to be dueto, at least in part, the impact-induced residual stress state, which canbe strongly tensile in these locations.

/pdf/mechanical-relaxation-of-localized-residual-stresses-4fl88hr7wy.pdf

Mechanical relaxation of localized residual stresses associatedwith foreign object damage

Joint range of motion (RoM) analyses are fundamental to our understanding of how an animal moves throughout its ecosystem. Recent technological advances allow for more detailed quantification of this RoM (e.g. including interaction of degrees of freedom) both in ex vivo joints and in vivo experiments. Both types of data have been used to draw comparisons with fossils to reconstruct locomotion. Salamanders are often used as analogues for early tetrapod locomotion; testing such hypotheses requires an in‐depth analysis of salamander joint RoM. Here, we provide a detailed dataset of the ex vivo ligamentous rotational joint RoM in the hindlimb of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra, using a new method for collecting and visualising joint RoM. We also characterise in vivo joint RoM used during walking, via scientific rotoscoping and compare the in vivo and ex vivo data. In summary, we provide (1) a new method for joint RoM data experiments and (2) a detailed analysis of both in vivo and ex vivo data of salamander hindlimbs, which can be used for comparative studies.

/pdf/in-vivo-and-ex-vivo-range-of-motion-in-the-fire-salamander-3q28v5pq.pdf

John W. Hutchinson

Papers

Chapter 3 - Characterization methods

Formation of surface wrinkles and creases in constrained dielectric elastomers subject to electromechanical loading

Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities

Mechanical relaxation of localized residual stresses associatedwith foreign object damage

In vivo and ex vivo range of motion in the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra