Kaoru Sato

TL;DR: The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) as discussed by the authors dominates the variability of the equatorial stratosphere (∼16-50 km) and is easily seen as downward propagating easterly and westerly wind regimes, with a variable period averaging approximately 28 months.

TL;DR: In this article, a review of gravity-wave effects in stratosphere-resolving climate models, recent observations and analysis methods that reveal global patterns in gravitywave momentum fluxes and results of very-high-resolution model studies, and outline some future research requirements to improve the treatment of these waves in climate simulations.

TL;DR: In this article, a comparison between gravity wave fluxes from climate models, high-resolution models, and fluxes derived from observations in large geographical areas is made, and it is shown that such efforts offer a promising path toward improving specifications of gravity wave sources in climate models.

TL;DR: Using hourly data from a three-year simulation based on a gravity-wave resolving general circulation model, the authors inferred a global view of gravity wave sources and propagation affecting significantly the momentum balance in the mesosphere.

TL;DR: Gravity wave characteristics in the middle-to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere were analyzed using simulation data over 3 yr from a high-resolution middle-atmosphere general circulation model without using any gravity wave parameterizations as mentioned in this paper.