We review the field of cavity optomechanics, which explores the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and nano- or micromechanical motion This review covers the basics of optical cavities and mechanical resonators, their mutual optomechanical interaction mediated by the radiation pressure force, the large variety of experimental systems which exhibit this interaction, optical measurements of mechanical motion, dynamical backaction amplification and cooling, nonlinear dynamics, multimode optomechanics, and proposals for future cavity quantum optomechanics experiments In addition, we describe the perspectives for fundamental quantum physics and for possible applications of optomechanical devices

Cavity Optomechanics

1. Introduction 2. Theoretical foundations 3. Propagation and focusing of optical fields 4. Spatial resolution and position accuracy 5. Nanoscale optical microscopy 6. Near-field optical probes 7. Probe-sample distance control 8. Light emission and optical interaction in nanoscale environments 9. Quantum emitters 10. Dipole emission near planar interfaces 11. Photonic crystals and resonators 12. Surface plasmons 13. Forces in confined fields 14. Fluctuation-induced phenomena 15. Theoretical methods in nano-optics Appendices Index.

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Principles of nano-optics

Gold nanoparticles have been used in biomedical applications since their first colloidal syntheses more than three centuries ago. However, over the past two decades, their beautiful colors and unique electronic properties have also attracted tremendous attention due to their historical applications in art and ancient medicine and current applications in enhanced optoelectronics and photovoltaics. In spite of their modest alchemical beginnings, gold nanoparticles exhibit physical properties that are truly different from both small molecules and bulk materials, as well as from other nanoscale particles. Their unique combination of properties is just beginning to be fully realized in range of medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This critical review will provide insights into the design, synthesis, functionalization, and applications of these artificial molecules in biomedicine and discuss their tailored interactions with biological systems to achieve improved patient health. Further, we provide a survey of the rapidly expanding body of literature on this topic and argue that gold nanotechnology-enabled biomedicine is not simply an act of ‘gilding the (nanomedicinal) lily’, but that a new ‘Golden Age’ of biomedical nanotechnology is truly upon us. Moving forward, the most challenging nanoscience ahead of us will be to find new chemical and physical methods of functionalizing gold nanoparticles with compounds that can promote efficient binding, clearance, and biocompatibility and to assess their safety to other biological systems and their long-term term effects on human health and reproduction (472 references).

The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Modern nanotechnology allows one to scale down various important devices (sensors, chips, fibers, etc.) and thus opens up new horizons for their applications. The efficiency of most of them is based on fundamental physical phenomena, such as transport of wave excitations and resonances. Short propagation distances make phase-coherent processes of waves important. Often the scattering of waves involves propagation along different paths and, as a consequence, results in interference phenomena, where constructive interference corresponds to resonant enhancement and destructive interference to resonant suppression of the transmission. Recently, a variety of experimental and theoretical work has revealed such patterns in different physical settings. The purpose of this review is to relate resonant scattering to Fano resonances, known from atomic physics. One of the main features of the Fano resonance is its asymmetric line profile. The asymmetry originates from a close coexistence of resonant transmission and resonant reflection and can be reduced to the interaction of a discrete (localized) state with a continuum of propagation modes. The basic concepts of Fano resonances are introduced, their geometrical and/or dynamical origin are explained, and theoretical and experimental studies of light propagation in photonic devices, charge transport through quantum dots, plasmon scattering in Josephson-junction networks, and matter-wave scattering in ultracold atom systems, among others are reviewed.

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Fano resonances in nanoscale structures

An easy and cost-effective method to reproducibly fabricate nanogaps over a large
area is introduced. Gold is evaporated on low-aspect-ratio polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) stamps at an angle of 60 ° . Afterwards, the stamp is brought into contact with
a silicon/silicon dioxide substrate and subsequently peeled at rates varying from 1 to
3 mm s − 1 , resulting in the fabrication of nanogaps between two gold electrodes. The
fabrication of insulating nanogaps with a width down to 50 nm is demonstrated.

Easy fabrication of electrically insulating nanogaps by transfer printing.

A surprisingly large suppression of laser light in confocal microscopy studies of resonant fluorescence has its origins in a small shift of polarized light reflecting off smooth surfaces.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevX.11.021007

Physical Origins of Extreme Cross-Polarization Extinction in Confocal Microscopy

Position acquisition device has position acquisition unit with a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer (10). The confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer has first and second resonator reflective surfaces; and folding reflective surface arranged in a beam path between first and second resonator reflective surfaces. Folding reflective surface is coupled to an object. Collimator is arranged in the beam path between first and second resonator reflective surfaces. An independent claim is included for a method for acquiring position.

Positioning device with confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer

The coupling of mechanical oscillators with light has seen a recent surge of interest, as recent reviews report. 1,2 This
coupling is enhanced when confining light in an optical cavity where the mechanical oscillator is integrated as backmirror
or movable wall. At the nano-scale, the optomechanical coupling increases further thanks to a smaller
optomechanical interaction volume and reduced mass of the mechanical oscillator. In view of realizing such cavity nanooptomechanics
experiments, a scheme was proposed where a sub-wavelength sized nanomechanical oscillator is coupled
to a high finesse optical microcavity. 3 Here we present such an experiment involving a single nanomechanical rod
precisely positioned into the confined mode of a miniature Fabry-Perot cavity. 4 We describe the employed stabilized
cavity set-up and related finesse measurements. We proceed characterizing the nanorod vibration properties using
ultrasonic piezo-actuation methods. Using the optical cavity as a transducer of nanomechanical motion, we monitor
optically the piezo-driven nanorod vibration. On top of extending cavity quantum electrodynamics concepts to
nanomechanical systems, cavity nano-optomechanics should advance into precision displacement measurements near the
standard quantum limit 5 , investigation of mechanical systems in their quantum regime, non-linear dynamics 6 and sensing
applications.

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Cavity nano-optomechanics: a nanomechanical system in a high finesse optical cavity

We describe theoretically multiply-charged excitons interacting with a continuum of delocalized states. Such excitons exist in relatively shallow quantum dots and have been observed in recent optical experiments on InAs self-assembled dots. The interaction of an exciton and delocalized states occurs via Auger-like processes. To describe the optical spectra, we employ the Anderson-like Hamiltonian by including the interaction between the localized exciton and delocalized states of the wetting layer. In the absence of a magnetic field, the photoluminescence line shapes exhibit interference effects. When a magnetic field is applied, the photoluminescence spectrum demonstrates anticrossings with the Landau levels of the extended states. We show that the magnetic-field behavior of charged excitons is very different to that of diamagnetic excitons in three and two-dimensional systems.

http://www.publicationslist.org/data/r.j.warburton/ref-583/Govorov_PhysicaE_2004.pdf

Khaled Karrai

Papers

Easy fabrication of electrically insulating nanogaps by transfer printing.

Physical Origins of Extreme Cross-Polarization Extinction in Confocal Microscopy

Positioning device with confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer

Cavity nano-optomechanics: a nanomechanical system in a high finesse optical cavity

Charged excitons in quantum dots: novel magnetic behavior and Auger processes