This tutorial/survey paper: (1) provides a concise point of departure for researchers and practitioners alike wishing to assess the current state of the art in the control and monitoring of civil engineering structures; and (2) provides a link between structural control and other fields of control theory, pointing out both differences and similarities, and points out where future research and application efforts are likely to prove fruitful. The paper consists of the following sections: section 1 is an introduction; section 2 deals with passive energy dissipation; section 3 deals with active control; section 4 deals with hybrid and semiactive control systems; section 5 discusses sensors for structural control; section 6 deals with smart material systems; section 7 deals with health monitoring and damage detection; and section 8 deals with research needs. An extensive list of references is provided in the references section.

Structural control: past, present, and future

Computational Fluid Dynamics: Principles and Applications, Third Edition presents students, engineers, and scientists with all they need to gain a solid understanding of the numerical methods and principles underlying modern computation techniques in fluid dynamics By providing complete coverage of the essential knowledge required in order to write codes or understand commercial codes, the book gives the reader an overview of fundamentals and solution strategies in the early chapters before moving on to cover the details of different solution techniques

	This updated edition includes new worked programming examples, expanded coverage and recent literature regarding incompressible flows, the Discontinuous Galerkin Method, the Lattice Boltzmann Method, higher-order spatial schemes, implicit Runge-Kutta methods and parallelization

	An accompanying companion website contains the sources of 1-D and 2-D Euler and Navier-Stokes flow solvers (structured and unstructured) and grid generators, along with tools for Von Neumann stability analysis of 1-D model equations and examples of various parallelization techniques



	
		Will provide you with the knowledge required to develop and understand modern flow simulation codes
	
		Features new worked programming examples and expanded coverage of incompressible flows, implicit Runge-Kutta methods and code parallelization, among other topics
	
		Includes accompanying companion website that contains the sources of 1-D and 2-D flow solvers as well as grid generators and examples of parallelization techniques

Computational Fluid Dynamics: Principles and Applications Ed. 3

6.1.2. Aqueous V(III) Chemistry 877 6.1.3. Oxidation State of Vanadium in Tunicates 878 6.1.4. Uptake of Vanadate into Tunicates 879 6.1.5. Vanadium Binding Proteins: Vanabins 879 6.1.6. Model Complexes and Their Chemistry 880 6.1.7. Catechol-Based Model Chemistry 880 6.1.8. Vanadium Sulfate Complexes 881 6.2. Fan Worm Pseudopotamilla occelata 883 7. Vanadium Nitrogenase 883 7.1. Nitrogenases 883 7.2. Biochemistry of Nitrogenase 884 7.3. Clusters in Nitrogenase and Model Systems: Structure and Reactivity 885

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The chemistry and biochemistry of vanadium and the biological activities exerted by vanadium compounds.

In evolutionary multiobjective optimization, maintaining a good balance between convergence and diversity is particularly crucial to the performance of the evolutionary algorithms (EAs). In addition, it becomes increasingly important to incorporate user preferences because it will be less likely to achieve a representative subset of the Pareto-optimal solutions using a limited population size as the number of objectives increases. This paper proposes a reference vector-guided EA for many-objective optimization. The reference vectors can be used not only to decompose the original multiobjective optimization problem into a number of single-objective subproblems, but also to elucidate user preferences to target a preferred subset of the whole Pareto front (PF). In the proposed algorithm, a scalarization approach, termed angle-penalized distance, is adopted to balance convergence and diversity of the solutions in the high-dimensional objective space. An adaptation strategy is proposed to dynamically adjust the distribution of the reference vectors according to the scales of the objective functions. Our experimental results on a variety of benchmark test problems show that the proposed algorithm is highly competitive in comparison with five state-of-the-art EAs for many-objective optimization. In addition, we show that reference vectors are effective and cost-efficient for preference articulation, which is particularly desirable for many-objective optimization. Furthermore, a reference vector regeneration strategy is proposed for handling irregular PFs. Finally, the proposed algorithm is extended for solving constrained many-objective optimization problems.

A Reference Vector Guided Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization

Preface Introduction 1. Fluid field equations and modal analysis in rigid containers 2. Linear forced sloshing 3. Viscous damping and sloshing suppression devices 4. Weakly nonlinear lateral sloshing 5. Equivalent mechanical models 6. Parametric sloshing (Faraday's waves) 7. Dynamics of liquid sloshing impact 8. Linear interaction of liquid sloshing with elastic containers 9. Nonlinear interaction under external and parametric excitations 10. Interactions with support structures and tuned sloshing absorbers 11. Dynamics of rotating fluids 12. Microgravity sloshing dynamics Bibliography Index.

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Liquid Sloshing Dynamics

T HE resonance noise in supersonic cavity flows has been studied extensively, but the dominant mechanism and factors responsible for this phenomenon remain unclear [1]. In 1964, Rossiter [2] proposed that the resonance noise was a result of a feedback mechanism between the discrete vortices in the cavity shear layer and acoustic disturbances inside the cavity. The feedback mechanism consists of four key procedures: 1) the cavity shear layer at the leading edge is excited by acoustic disturbances, which lead to the generation of shedding vortices; 2) the shedding vortices grow as they convect to downstream, and eventually they impinge on the cavity trailing edge and pass the cavity; 3) a feedback compression wave is generated near the trailing edge due to the passage of large-scale vortices; and 4) the feedback compression wave will propagate upstream and excite the shear layer again. Then, the feedback cycle is closed. However, Heller and Bliss [3] stated that discrete vortices were not usually observed in supersonic cavity flows, and they pointed out that the periodic mass addition and removal were responsible for the acoustic radiation. Tam et al. [4] did numerical simulations and reported that the feedback compression waves were caused by the reflection of Mach waves at the bottom aft wall. Nishioka et al. [5] pointed out that the feedback compression waves were generated instantly when higher-speed fluid injection occurred near the cavity trailing edge. At Mach number of 5.0, the cavity oscillation frequencies are accurately predicted using simple “closed-box” acoustic theory [6]. For the supersonic laminar cavity flows, Krishnamurty [7] observed experimentally that laminar inflow produced louder resonance noise than that with turbulent inflow. In Heller et al.’s [8] study, no resonance was observed in the turbulent cavity flow at Mach number of 3.0; however, a strong resonant peak occurred in the laminar cavity flow. The adverse effects of cavity tones become more severe in supersonic laminar cavity flows, but few investigations are conducted to address the mechanism underlying self-sustained oscillations in the supersonic laminar cavity flows. The generation of resonance noise in supersonic laminar cavity flows might be driven by the feedback mechanism as described by Rossiter [2], but more efforts are required to put insight into the supersonic laminar cavity flows. The aim of the present study was to address the mechanism driving the self-sustained oscillations in supersonic laminar cavity flows. Implicit large eddy simulations (ILESs) are conducted. One typical feedback cycle is visualized with phase-averaged flowfields. The features of discrete vortices in the cavity shear layer are discussed.

Feedback Mechanism in Supersonic Laminar Cavity Flows

A 'thin-layer' Navier-Stokes code capable of predicting steady state viscous flows is applied to complicated three-dimensional flow fields. The code is written in a generalized coordinate system, and a recently developed grid generation procedure is used for the flow-field discretization. Application is made to the vortical flow over a delta wing at high angle of attack, and the computed results are compared with experimental results. The results indicate that the present method can capture the physical phenomenon well. It is observed that a leading-edge separation vortex is formed over the wing, as is a secondary separation vortex near the leading edge. The flow field behind the trailing edge is also well described. Application is also made to the transonic flow over the Shuttle configuration. The result appears to be reasonable even though no experimental data are available for comparison. These results indicate that the present approach is capable of computing complicated three-dimensional flow fields.

Numerical simulation of the viscous flow fields over three-dimensional complicated geometries

The flexibility and conformational variety of the butyl group in cations of ionic liquids (ILs) play an important role in dictating the macroscopic and microscopic properties of ILs. Here we calculate potential energy surfaces for the dihedral angles of the butyl group in four different types of cyclic cations, imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, and piperidinium, using the density functional theory method. The calculation results highlight the role of the butyl group in these cations by comparison of five-membered and six-membered rings, and of aromatic and alicyclic rings, in terms of stable conformations and rotational barriers. A striking result is that the butyl group rotation in pyrrolidinium induces pseudorotation of the ring whereas such a phenomenon does not occur in piperidinium. This difference is thought to be because of the relationship in rotational activation energy between the butyl group (10–40 kJ mol–1) and the ring (<6 kJ mol–1 for pyrrolidinium and 40–50 kJ mol–1 for piperidinium)....

Comprehensive Conformational and Rotational Analyses of the Butyl Group in Cyclic Cations: DFT Calculations for Imidazolium, Pyridinium, Pyrrolidinium, and Piperidinium

A new optimization approach for robust design, design for multi-objective six sigma (DFMOSS) has been developed and applied to robust aerodynamic airfoil design for Mars exploratory airplane. The present robust aerodynamic airfoil design optimization using DFMOSS successfully showed the trade-off information between maximization and robustness improvement in aerodynamic performance by a single optimization run without careful input parameter tuning. The obtained trade-off information indicated that an airfoil with a smaller maximum camber improves robustness of lift to drag ratio, and that with a larger curvature near the shock wave location improves robustness of pitching moment against the variation of flight Mach number.

Kozo Fujii

Papers

Feedback Mechanism in Supersonic Laminar Cavity Flows

Numerical simulation of the viscous flow fields over three-dimensional complicated geometries

Comprehensive Conformational and Rotational Analyses of the Butyl Group in Cyclic Cations: DFT Calculations for Imidazolium, Pyridinium, Pyrrolidinium, and Piperidinium

Multi-Objective Six Sigma Approach Applied to Robust Airfoil Design for Mars Airplane

Numerical analysis of the base bleed effect on the aerospike nozzles