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Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

‘The Production of Space’, in: Frans Jacobi, Imagine, Space Poetry, Copenhagen, 1996, unpaginated.

The Production of Space

Recent years have seen a rapid proliferation of mass-market consumer software that takes inspiration from video games. Usually summarized as "gamification", this trend connects to a sizeable body of existing concepts and research in human-computer interaction and game studies, such as serious games, pervasive games, alternate reality games, or playful design. However, it is not clear how "gamification" relates to these, whether it denotes a novel phenomenon, and how to define it. Thus, in this paper we investigate "gamification" and the historical origins of the term in relation to precursors and similar concepts. It is suggested that "gamified" applications provide insight into novel, gameful phenomena complementary to playful phenomena. Based on our research, we propose a definition of "gamification" as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts.

/pdf/from-game-design-elements-to-gamefulness-defining-1wnas1kptm.pdf

From game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification"

How much music contributes to player experience (PX) in virtual reality (VR) games remains unclear in the games user research literature. A core factor of PX in VR games that has not been studied before (in relation to audio or otherwise) is time perception. Thus, we provide the first empirical exploration of how music affects time perception in a VR game. In a user study (N=64), we investigated the effects of music on PX and time perception (operationalized as retrospective time estimation). Participants retrospectively perceived time to pass significantly quicker in the VR game when music was present, but reported no difference in PX components, including immersion. This contributes to ongoing discourse on the surprising lack of music effects in VR games. Moreover, our results highlight the need to re-conceptualize our understanding of the relationship between time perception and immersion in games.

The Potential Disconnect between Time Perception and Immersion: Effects of Music on VR Player Experience

Physiological sensors are becoming cheaper and more available to game players. This has led to their in- creased usage in game research and the game indus- try, where applications range from biofeedback games to design evaluation tool s supporting game user re- searchers in creating more engaging gameplay experi- ences. This paper gives a brief overview of these cur- rent directions of game indu stry and resear ch threads.

http://physiologicalcomputing.net/bbichi2011/Directions%20in%20Physiological%20Game%20Evaluation%20and%20Interaction.pdf

Directions in Physiological Game Evaluation and Interaction

Researchers reference realism in digital games without sufficient specificity. Without clarity about the dimensions of realism, we cannot assess how and when to aim for a higher degree of realism, when lower realism suffices, or when purposeful unrealism is ideal for a game and can benefit player experience (PX). To address this conceptual gap, we conducted a systematic review using thematic synthesis to distinguish between types of realism currently found in the digital games literature. We contribute qualitative themes that showcase contradictory design goals of realism/unrealism. From these themes, we created a framework (i.e., a hierarchical taxonomy and mapping) of realism dimensions in digital games as a conceptual foundation. Our themes and framework enable a workable specificity for designing or analyzing types of realism, equip future work to explore effects of specific realism types on PX, and offer a starting point for similar efforts in non-game applications.

/pdf/much-realistic-such-wow-a-systematic-literature-review-of-2psiaphh.pdf

Much Realistic, Such Wow! A Systematic Literature Review of Realism in Digital Games

Understanding gameplay requires a consideration of basic epistemological questions about the nature of understanding. Grounded in a tradition of philosophical hermeneutics, it is possible to approach the understanding of gameplay as a matter of generating mappings to explanatory frameworks in alternative interpretation paradigms. It is especially useful to consider gameplay from perspectives of cognitive science, semiotics, consciousness studies and aesthetics. Each of these approaches provides a different but compatible perspective on understanding play. Integrating these perspectives without losing their differences provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for play analysis.

What does it mean to understand gameplay

Tasks have an overwhelming effect on our management capacity, including the societal need to attend events as part of our office culture. Using gamification to make task and chore management more exciting could allow people to be more productive while they are engaged and focused on their tasks. There is currently a lack of studies on the usefulness of gamified task-management applications. We address this by investigating two memory-aid applications with task-based gamification. One app was easier to learn to use while the other was more satisfying and motivating. Participants, who felt good about an apps' reward system, were also more satisfied with its use. Conventional task managers are, however, preferred for speed and efficiency. Based on interviews, it seems that gamified task managers are not more useful than classical ones. However, there is a relationship between how participants perceive game mechanics and how useful they find an app for task management.

Lennart E. Nacke

Papers

The Potential Disconnect between Time Perception and Immersion: Effects of Music on VR Player Experience

Directions in Physiological Game Evaluation and Interaction

Much Realistic, Such Wow! A Systematic Literature Review of Realism in Digital Games

What does it mean to understand gameplay

Deconstructing 'gamified' task-management applications