The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) quantifies the amount of atmospheric carbon fixed by plants and accumulated as biomass. Previous studies have shown that climate constraints were relaxing with increasing temperature and solar radiation, allowing an upward trend in NPP from 1982 through 1999. The past decade (2000 to 2009) has been the warmest since instrumental measurements began, which could imply continued increases in NPP; however, our estimates suggest a reduction in the global NPP of 0.55 petagrams of carbon. Large-scale droughts have reduced regional NPP, and a drying trend in the Southern Hemisphere has decreased NPP in that area, counteracting the increased NPP over the Northern Hemisphere. A continued decline in NPP would not only weaken the terrestrial carbon sink, but it would also intensify future competition between food demand and proposed biofuel production.

Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009

INTRODUCTION: The copy number and in- tracellular localization of RNA are important regulators of gene expression. Measurement of these properties at the transcriptome scale in single cells will give answers to many ques- tions related to gene expression and regulation. Single-molecule RNA imaging approaches, such as single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybrid- ization(smFISH), are powerful toolsforcount- ing and mappingRNA; however, the number of RNA species that can be simultaneously im- aged in individual cells has been limited. This makes it challenging to perform transcriptomic analysis of single cells in a spatially resolved manner. Here, we report multiplexed error- robust FISH (MERFISH), a single-molecule im- aging method that allows thousands of RNA species to be imaged in single cells by using combinatorial FISH labeling with encoding schemes capable of detecting and/or correct- ing errors. RATIONALE: We labeled each cellular RNA with a set of encoding probes, which contain targeting sequences that bind the RNA and readout sequences that bind fluorescently la- beled readout probes. Each RNA species is encodedwithaparticular combinationofread- out sequences. We used successive rounds of hybridization and imaging, each with a differ- ent readout probe, to identify the readout se- quences bound to each RNA and to decode the RNA. In principle, combinatorial labeling al- lows the number of detectable RNA species to

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/348/6233/aaa6090.full.pdf

Spatially resolved, highly multiplexed RNA profiling in single cells

Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology

The feasibility of utilizing disordered Ni-based metal hydroxide, as both the anode and the cathode materials, in alkaline rechargeable batteries was validated for the first time. Co and Mn were introduced into the hexagonal Ni(OH)2 crystal structure to create disorder and defects that resulted in a conductivity increase. The highest discharge capacity of 55.6 mAh·g−1 was obtained using a commercial Li-ion cathode precursor, specifically NCM111 hydroxide, as anode material in the Ni-Ni battery. Charge/discharge curves, cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to study the capacity degradation mechanism, and the segregation of Ni, Co, and Mn hydroxides in the mixed hydroxide. Further optimization of composition and control in micro-segregation are needed to increase the discharge capacity closer to the theoretical value, 578 mAh·g−1.

New Type of Alkaline Rechargeable Battery—Ni-Ni Battery

Cancer evolves from premalignant clones that accumulate mutations and adopt unusual cell states to achieve transformation. Tracking a cancer cell-of-origin through the cell-state alterations of premalignancy could provide clues for early-detection and cancer-prevention strategies. Previously we pinpointed the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) as a cell-of-origin for glioma. However, the early adaptations and cell-state changes of mutant OPCs during premalignancy are unknown. Using a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of inducible Nf1–Trp53 loss in OPCs, we acutely isolated labeled mutant OPCs by laser-capture microdissection and determined gene-expression changes in two ways: global changes in gene expression were measured by differential analysis of wild-type and mutant OPCs after bulk RNA sequencing; cell-to-cell state variations were identified by a fluctuation analysis, called stochastic profiling, which uses RNA-sequencing measurements from random pools of 10 mutant cells. We chose two time points for the analysis. At 12 days after Nf1–Trp53 deletion, while bulk differences were mostly limited to increases in mitotic hallmarks and decreases in ribosome biosynthesis, stochastic profiling of mutant OPCs revealed a spectrum of stem-progenitor, proneural, and mesenchymal states as potential starting points for gliomagenesis. At 90 days after Nf1–Trp53 deletion, while bulk sequencing detected very few differentially expressed transcripts, stochastic profiling revealed multiple cell states that are absent from glial tumors, suggesting that they marked dead-ends for gliomagenesis. In parallel, we identified cells without dead-end markers but abundantly expressing key effectors of nonsense-mediated decay and homology-dependent DNA repair. This suggests that resolution of replication stress may pose a considerable bottleneck for glioma initiation in premalignant mutant OPCs. Statement of significance In situ heterogeneity profiling of cell states in a mouse model of glioma uncovers regulatory confusion in a glioma cell-of-origin and defines a state of replication stress that precedes tumor initiation.

/pdf/single-cell-bottlenecks-and-dead-ends-during-glioma-4r9f20ljdj.pdf

Single-cell Bottlenecks and Dead-ends During Glioma Premalignancy

With the wide application of advanced portable devices, output-capacitorless low dropout regulators (OCL-LDO) are receiving increasing attention. This paper presents a low quiescent current OCL-LDO with fast transient response. A transient enhancement unit (TEU) is proposed as the output voltage-spike detection circuit. It enhances the transient response by improving the slew-rate at the gate of the power transistor. In addition, a current booster (CB), which consists of a current subtractor and a non-linear current mirror, is designed to improve the slew-rate further. The current subtractor increases the transconductances of the differential-input transistors to obtain a large slewing current, while the non-linear current mirror further boosts the current with no extra quiescent current consumption. The simulated results show that the proposed OCL-LDO is capable of supplying 100 mA load current while consuming 10.3 μA quiescent current. It regulates the output at 1 V from a supply voltage ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 V. When the load current is stepped from 1 mA to 100 mA in 100 ns, the OCL-LDO has attained a settling time of 190 ns, and the output voltage undershoot and overshoot are controlled under 110 mV.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/5/701/pdf?version=1645704737

A Low-Power, Fast-Transient Output-Capacitorless LDO with Transient Enhancement Unit and Current Booster

In this paper we study the following optimization problem in a plane multihop wireless network under the physical interference model. Given a multihop wireless network and a positive link weight (or demand) function, select a set of independent links whose total weight is maximized. This problem is known to be NP-hard. The best known approximation algorithm for this problem achieves logarithmic factor approximation with power control. In this work, we present a constant-approximation algorithm for the problem with the power assignment specified in this paper when the link weight-to-length ratio is bounded. Moreover, our constant-approximation bound is valid regardless of the value of the noise power and the lengths of the communication links.

A Constant-Approximation for Maximum Weight Independent Set of Links under the SINR Model

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is the key catalytic enzyme for the synthesis of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Various ACs have been identified in microorganisms and mammals, but studies on plant ACs are still limited. No AC in woody plants has been reported until now. Based on the information on HpAC1, three enzymes were screened out from the woody fruit tree apple, and two of them (MdTTM1 and MdTTM2) were verified and confirmed to display AC activity. Interestingly, in the apple genome, these two genes were annotated as triphosphate tunnel metalloenzymes (TTMs) which were widely found in three superkingdoms of life with multiple substrate specificities and enzymatic activities, especially triphosphate hydrolase. In addition, the predicted structures of these two proteins were parallel, especially of the catalytic tunnel, including conserved domains, motifs, and folded structures. Their tertiary structures exhibited classic TTM properties, like the characteristic EXEXK motif and β-stranded anti-parallel tunnel capable of coordinating divalent cations. Moreover, MdTTM2 and HpAC1 displayed powerful hydrolase activity to triphosphate and restricted AC activity. All of these findings showed that MdTTMs had hydrolysis and AC activity, which could provide new solid evidence for AC distribution in woody plants as well as insights into the relationship between ACs and TTMs.

/pdf/two-triphosphate-tunnel-metalloenzymes-from-apple-exhibit-2kj7rosr.pdf

Lixin Wang

Papers

New Type of Alkaline Rechargeable Battery—Ni-Ni Battery

Single-cell Bottlenecks and Dead-ends During Glioma Premalignancy

A Low-Power, Fast-Transient Output-Capacitorless LDO with Transient Enhancement Unit and Current Booster

A Constant-Approximation for Maximum Weight Independent Set of Links under the SINR Model

Two triphosphate tunnel metalloenzymes from apple exhibit adenylyl cyclase activity