Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles. In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.

Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores

Geological atlas of western and central Europe

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

London is one of the world’s most important capital cities, having expanded over 2000 years since being founded by the Romans (as Londinium) during the time of their occupation of Britain. The original settlement was located on a gravel bank very close to the present City of London. This relatively high location afforded protection from the occasional high tides that, even then, had begun to encroach on the flat marshland that bordered the nearby river.

Construction of the Thames Barrier

004 Applied palynodebris associations : Inferred systems tracts, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and implications from the EA-DP-C Gravity Core, EA field, shallow offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

A Callovian-Kimmeridgian stable isotope record from Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, UK: implications for the ocean-atmosphere system

Over the last 250,000 years the diversity and quality of preservation of pteropods (holoplanktic gastropods) has fluctuated in response to glacial/interglacial cycles. This is almost certainly related to the change in oceanic pH as the best preservation is recorded in glacial cycles when pCO2 was at a lower level than during interglacials. Detailed studies of the pteropod assemblages from marine cores taken near Montserrat (Caribbean Sea) have provided a high resolution database with which to make comparisons world-wide. There are peaks of diversity (and good preservation) in Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 6 and these can be found elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Using a "pteropod preservation index" it can be seen that this parallels the changing pCO2 and pH and is clearly related.

/pdf/response-of-pteropods-and-foraminifera-to-changing-pco2-and-2spguow0ll.pdf

Response of pteropods and foraminifera to changing pCO2 and pH in last 250,000 years

The Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, has undergone cyclic dome growth and collapse events since the present phase of eruption began in 1995. Over 90% of the pyroclastic deposits avalanched down the volcano flanks and were deposited into the ocean. The coarse components (pebbles to boulders) are deposited in dense slurries to form steep-sided, near linear ridges proximally that intercalate and amalgamate to form a submarine fan. The finer ash grade components are mixed into the overlying water column to form turbidity currents that flow distances in excess of 30 km from source. The present on-going eruption began in 1995 but marine sediment coring has recovered a record of intermittent volcanic activity over the last ~350,000 years. Using foraminiferal biostratigraphy (Globorotalia menardii ratios, etc.) and stable isotope stratigraphy we have identified significant eruptive events at 330,000 years BP, 240,000 years BP, 182,000 years BP, 137,500-120,000 years BP, 77,500 years BP and 20,000 years BP. The most interesting record is the 17,500 years of eruption activity between 137,500 and 120,000 years BP which agrees with the date for the origin of the Soufriere Hills volcanic centre. Work on the marine cores is on-going and will provide further information on the distribution of both planktic and benthic foraminifera, the impact of the volcanic sedimentation on the benthic faunas and a detailed analysis of the pteropods distribution in the samples, which appears to be recording a distinct climatic signal as well as a record of the movement of the Aragonite Compensation Depth within the water column.

Malcolm B. Hart

Papers

Construction of the Thames Barrier

004 Applied palynodebris associations : Inferred systems tracts, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and implications from the EA-DP-C Gravity Core, EA field, shallow offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

A Callovian-Kimmeridgian stable isotope record from Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, UK: implications for the ocean-atmosphere system

Response of pteropods and foraminifera to changing pCO2 and pH in last 250,000 years

Foraminifera and the tephrochronology of marine sediments around the Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles volcanic arc