Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles. In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.

Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores

Geological atlas of western and central Europe

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

The Dorset Coast is internationally known for the near-continuous exposure of the Jurassic succession. The Oxford Clay-CorallianKimmeridge Clay sequence that is exposed between the Isle of Portland and Ringstead records the transition from deeper-water marine clays to shallow-water sands and oolitic shoals and back into deeper-water, near-stagnant, marine clays. The preliminary data discussed here are part of an on-going study. This aims to assess the role of Foraminiferida in the development of a sequence stratigraphical interpretation of continuous successions in Dorset and Normandy. In this report, faunas are described from the Nothe Grit and Red Cliff Formations in the lower part of the Corallian Group. This identifies, with more accuracy than has previously been the case, a Maximum Flooding Surface within the Red Cliff Formation.

Micropalaeontological investigations of the oxford clay - corallian succession of the dorset coast.

The Albian to Santonian succession of Bornholm, Denmark, is reviewed. The lithological data and major fossil groups encountered within the formations are examined, including new biostratigraphic data. Foraminifera, palynomorphs, belemnites, ammonites, and inoceramid bivalves are all important for the dating of the succession. Major transgressive phases are recognised in the Early Albian and Early Cenomanian, with an intervening regressive event. A highstand systems tract was formed during the Middle Cenomanian. A “mid‐Cenomanian” non‐sequence is noted and is equated to a major transgressive surface. Several transgressive surfaces are evident in the Late Cenomanian to earliest Coniacian, possibly with intervening regressive events. A second major highstand system tract is recognised in the Coniacian to Early?‐Middle Santonian, with a gradual decline in effective water depth up the succession. Packer, S.R. & Hart, M.B., 1994: Evidence for sea level change from the Cretaceous of Bornholm, Denmark. G...

Evidence for sea level change from the cretaceous of Bornholm, Denmark

Cretaceous foraminifera from the Turonian succession at Beer, southeastern Devon, England

The southern coastline of SW England is characterized by a number of drowned river valleys (known locally as rias) that contain a range of important estuarine environments including saltmarsh, mud flats, sea grass meadows and open marine sands. All of these ‘rias’ drain catchments with Devonian and Carboniferous rocks that were intruded by granite during the Variscan Orogeny and which were mineralized at that time. The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Heritage UNESCO World Heritage Site records the exploitation of these minerals since Roman times, though mining ceased in the twentieth century. All these mineralized rocks, mining waste and the occasional ‘flood’ of old mine workings have contaminated the estuaries with Cu, Zn, Sn, As, Cr, Hg, Ag, etc., which, in many places, may have left a record of foraminifera with test abnormalities. Since 1973, in a series of student-led projects, the estuaries of the region have been studied for their foraminiferal assemblages, sometimes including sampling strategies that meant monthly, or 3-monthly, suites of samples being collected. The Fal Estuary is one of the largest and most complex of the ‘rias’ and, while draining mineralized areas, also suffered a major release of acidic mine waste during a flood in January 1992. Recovery from that ‘event’ showed that the total absence of foraminifera began to recover within 2 years and assemblages have now returned to pre-incident levels, though still recording malformed individuals. This re-colonization is probably the result of propagule dispersion from more open waters of the Fal Estuary.

Estuarine foraminifera from South West England: impact of metal pollution in a mining heritage area

The Upper Albian–Turonian Debarsu Formation in its type area around Haftoman, south of Khur (Central Iran) has been investigated using an integrated approach of high-resolution logging, bio- and sequence stratigraphic dating, and facies analysis based on field observations and detailed microfacies studies. The up to 500-m-thick Debarsu Formation consists of stacked, several 10- to ~ 100-m-thick, essentially asymmetric shallowing-upward cycles from grey offshore marl via skeletal and intraclastic limestone with large-scale clinoformed foresets to thick-bedded bioclastic, locally rudist-bearing shallow-marine topset strata capped by palaeokarst surfaces. The diverse (micro)facies inventory (29 facies types) is dominated by skeletal carbonates (bioclastic pack-, grain-, float- and rudstone) that reflect deposition on a carbonate ramp with a lagoonal shoreline that was attached to an elevated area in the west and southwest. The outer ramp facies association of the Debarsu ramp contains predominantly microbioclastic marl with open-marine microfossils (planktic foraminifera) and fine-grained bioturbated packstone. The transition into the mid-ramp facies association, dominated by bioclastic pack- and grainstone (foreset strata), is commonly gradational. The inner-ramp facies association is very diverse, mainly consisting of high-energy (well-washed and cross-bedded) grainstone as well as back-ramp or inter-shoal bioclastic float- and rudist bafflestone. The Debarsu Formation occurs in an area of more than 2500 km2 to the west, southwest, and south of Khur but had its depocenter with maximum thicknesses and thick offshore marl intervals in the type area. The large-scale shallowing-upward cycles correspond to third-order depositional sequences. The chronostratigraphic positions of the sequence-bounding unconformities in the Upper Albian to Lower Cenomanian match equivalent surfaces known from other Cretaceous basins on different tectonic plates. However, a large-scale intraformational stratigraphic gap (Middle Cenomanian to lowermost Turonian) at a major palaeokarstic surface in the upper part of the formation must be related to tectonic uplift. The Debarsu Formation shows similarities in (sequence) stratigraphic stacking patterns to hydrocarbon-bearing formations of the southern Tethyan margin (Arabian Plate).

The mid-Cretaceous Debarsu Formation (Upper Albian–Middle Turonian) of Central Iran: depositional environment, palaeogeography, and sequence stratigraphic significance

Malcolm B. Hart

Papers

Micropalaeontological investigations of the oxford clay - corallian succession of the dorset coast.

Evidence for sea level change from the cretaceous of Bornholm, Denmark

Cretaceous foraminifera from the Turonian succession at Beer, southeastern Devon, England

Estuarine foraminifera from South West England: impact of metal pollution in a mining heritage area

The mid-Cretaceous Debarsu Formation (Upper Albian–Middle Turonian) of Central Iran: depositional environment, palaeogeography, and sequence stratigraphic significance