Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles. In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.

Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores

Geological atlas of western and central Europe

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

The mid1dorset swell; a re1assessment

. The first recipient of the Brady Medal, which was presented on 7 November 2007, is Professor John W. Murray of the National Oceanographic Centre, University of Southampton. The awardee is singularly appropriate as Henry Bowman Brady studied (mainly benthic) foraminifera. John was also one of the speakers at the first open meeting of the then British Micropalaeontological Group when it met at Sheffield University in March 1971 under the Chairmanship of Professor Leslie R. Moore (one of the founding fathers of the TMS). Other speakers on that day included Charles Downie, Alan Higgins, Keith Gueinn, Eric Robinson, Ron Austin, Geoff Warrington, Gerry Orbell, Malcolm Hart, Geoff Eaton and Mike Boulter. John was born in London in 1937 and was evacuated to the north of England during the Second World War. The family returned south to Worthing in 1953. As a teenager John asked his parents for a biological microscope with which he developed his interest in microscopy (both biological and geological). In 1956 he enrolled on the BSc (Hons) Geology programme at Imperial College (London University) in the first year of which he was introduced to foraminifera by David Carter, who also supervised a final year project on the planktonic foraminifera recovered from one of the early boreholes for the Channel Tunnel Site Investigation. For his PhD research (again supervised by David Carter) John elected to study the benthic foraminifera of Christchurch Harbour in Dorset. This involved regular sampling of the harbour sediments, staining the living foraminifera and taking measurements . . .

/pdf/the-2007-recipient-of-the-brady-medal-professor-john-w-3prq4bi9nz.pdf

The 2007 recipient of the Brady Medal: Professor John W. Murray

The Western Channel Observatory (Smyth et al., 2015) was established by the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC), with Plymouth Marine Laboratory managing the two autonomous buoys that are located to the south of Plymouth in the English Channel (Stations L4 and E1). These two locations are now monitored continually and there is regular sampling of the water column and the sea floor at Station L4. At this location, despite it being located in water with a depth of 50 m, benthic foraminifera are regularly found in the surface water plankton samples. Some of these benthic foraminifera appear to contain algal symbionts, indicating that they may have been living at the time of capture. If benthic foraminifera can be entrained in the water column, while still living, then this provides a mechanism for dispersal or migration that is much more rapid and efficient than the rate at which protists could migrate within, or on, the sediment surface. Re-colonization by foraminifera, following disturbance, could well be facilitated by this mechanism which has only rarely been reported in the literature (Murray, 1965). It is clearly limited to depths impacted by fair weather (~30 m) or storm wave base (80&amp;#8211;100 m).Observations of vertical plankton tow (20 &amp;#956;m mesh) samples collected at Station L4 during the three winters (2015&amp;#8211;2018) have shown that, following significant storms, the numbers of benthic foraminifera in the plankton tows are increased (Hart et al., 2017). Some of the specimens contain sediment, indicating that they have been picked up from the sediment surface and are in the process of being re-deposited. Such assemblage mixing has significant implications for the interpretation of both modern, and ancient, environments. Analysis of sea floor samples in the area has shown that the recorded species are from the area of Station L4 or Hillmars (in 50 m water depth) although some may have been transported from shallower-water settings by increased run-off during the storm events.Clearly, re-distribution of foraminifera in the environment might make subsequent interpretations of ecology less accurate if the &amp;#8216;living&amp;#8217; assemblage is not identified (by staining), but in the fossil record such changes could go completely un-detected and lead to inaccuracy in interpretations of palaeoecology.&amp;#160;Hart, M.B., Molina, G.S., Smart, C.W. and Widdicombe, C.E. 2017. The Western Channel Observatory: benthic foraminifera in the plankton following storms. Geoscience in South-West England, 14(1), 39&amp;#8211;45. [for 2016]Murray, J.W. 1965. Significance of benthic foraminiferids in plankton samples. Journal of Paleontology, 39, 156&amp;#8211;157.Smyth, T., Atkinson, A., Widdicombe, S., Frost, M., Allen, I., Fishwick, J., Queiros, A., Sims, D. and Barange, M. 2015. The Western Channel Observatory. Progress in Oceanography, 137, 335&amp;#8211;341.&amp;#160; 

Benthic foraminifera in the plankton: how might this impact on palaeoecological interpretations?

The Permian breccias, conglomerates and sandstones of the English Riviera UNESCO Global geopark were deposited in quite harsh, desert environments just north of the Permian Equator. Body fossil evidence is completely lacking but rare trace fossils provide evidence of a land-based community. There is a variety of traces present, probably indicative of the presence of a range of unknown animals. Though these animals cannot be identified, their occurrence is important in the understanding of the biodiversity of these Permian environments.

http://gcr.khuisf.ac.ir/article_679700_05047e4f7f64db3c79e21cfcbe6b753a.pdf

Trace Fossils in Permian Rocks of English Riviera UNESCO Global Geopark

Modern coleoid (squid-like) cephalopods have arms that carry arrays of both suckers and hardened, organic hooks. Fossil arm hooks have been known since the description of Sternberg in 1823, although he identified them as plant remains. During the twentieth century there were a number of brief descriptions of hooks but it was Kulicki & Szaniawski (1972) who described 22 morphotypes from the Jurassic of Poland. These authors gave these ‘forms’ names using a binomial classification though, with many lacking defined (and figured) holotypes and, in some cases, only one recorded specimen, some of their designations should be regarded as invalid. Some of the morphotypes have, however, been reported from DSDP sites on the Falkland Plateau as well as New Zealand, Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom. It is clear that the hooks must belong to widely distributed members of the Belemnitida and Phragmoteuthida. Exceptional soft-bodied preservation of species such as Belemnotheutis antiquus from the Callovian-Oxfordian of the United Kingdom has allowed the identification of the host animal of some morphotypes, though the majority remain non-attributable. In the Christian Malford lagerstätte (Upper Callovian) of Wiltshire large numbers of hooks (including forms described as Acanthuncus, Arites, Deinuncus, Falcuncus, Longuncus and Paraglycerites) are found associated with an abundance of statoliths (cephalopod ‘ear bones’) and macrofossil evidence of both belemnites and teuthids, some of which includes exceptional soft-bodied preservation (see Wilby et al., 2004, 2008; Hart et al., in press). Using the abundance of material available to us from the Wessex Basin, we are attempting to identify, where possible, the host animals. If this can be established then it should be possible, using micropalaeontological samples, to determine the stratigraphical and palaeoecological ranges of some of the host macro-fossils, many of which are otherwise rarely preserved.

Malcolm B. Hart

Papers

The mid1dorset swell; a re1assessment

The 2007 recipient of the Brady Medal: Professor John W. Murray

Benthic foraminifera in the plankton: how might this impact on palaeoecological interpretations?

Trace Fossils in Permian Rocks of English Riviera UNESCO Global Geopark

Jurassic onychites (hooks from squid-like cephalopods) associated with statolith occurrences in the Wessex Basin, southern England