Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles. In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.

Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores

Geological atlas of western and central Europe

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

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Coniacian–Santonian Radiolaria from the Upper Cretaceous of Bornholm, Denmark: A preliminary investigation

Recently published global eustatic curves for the Cretaceous have provided a target against which "real" data can be tested. Sea level curves for Southern England, and the event stratigraphy so generated, can be traced into Devon and tested with reference to shoreline facies, remaniée flint, chert and fossil occurrences. Calculations on the rates of change of sea level indicate that crustal subsidence may have been more important than previously recognised, even in SW England an area currently used as a stable platform against which other subsidence and sea level rise could be calibrated.

Cretaceous sea level changes and global eustatic curves; evidence from SW England

Pteropods and heteropods (holoplanktonic gastropods) are an important component of the modern oceans; however, detailed
information on their distribution in the fossil record is often based on poorly preserved specimens. This study presents the
micropaleontological analysis of three exceptionally well-preserved Late Pleistocenemarine sediment cores from the eastern Caribbean
Sea, westernMediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. This study presents the first stratigraphical record of heteropods in the Caribbean
Sea and extends the known zonation of pteropods in the Mediterranean Sea. Distributions of pteropods, heteropods and planktonic
foraminifera are presented with abundance and species richness data, as well as stratigraphical dates inferred from the oxygen isotope
stratigraphy, argon-argon dating and biostratigraphy. The findings of this study greatly improve our understanding of holoplanktonic
gastropod stratigraphy and ecology. Results reveal that the geographical range of heteropods, thought to be restricted to sub-tropical
warm waters,may be much greater, including waters of sub-polar temperature. Heteropods were also found to be surprisingly abundant,
potentially representing a more important part of the ocean food web than previously thought. Analysis revealed two species of
holoplanktonic gastropod that are previously undescribed and indicate that the pteropod Heliconoides mermuysi (Cahuzac and Janssen
2010), known exclusively from the Moulin de Cabanes (Miocene),may have lived in theCaribbean Sea and Indian Ocean as recently as 4
kyr ago. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased research on holoplanktonic gastropods. The threat that current climate
change and ocean acidification poses, particularly to the delicately shelled forms, means that some species may become extinct before
they have even been fully ‘discovered’.

Late Pleistocene pteropods, heteropods and planktonic foraminifera from the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean

Marine sedimentary section across the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundary interval is preserved in the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin), Pakistan. Four dinoflagellate zones in the P/E interval of the Rakhi Nala section (Lower Indus Basin) are identified and correlated. The quantitative analysis of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages together with geochemical data are used to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment across the P/E interval. The dinocyst assemblages allow the local correlation of the Dungan Formation (part) of the Sulaiman Range with the Patala Formation (part) of the Upper Indus Basin and global correlation of the Zone Pak-DV with the Apectodinium acme Zone of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The onset of the carbon isotopic excursion (CIE) associated with Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is used globally to identify the P/E boundary. The CIE for the total organic carbon (fine fraction) δ13CFF is of a magnitude of −1.7‰ is recorded for the first time in the Indus Basin. The Apectodinium acme precedes and straddles the onset of the CIE in the Indus Basin. This Apectodinium acme is also accompanied by a planktonic and benthonic foraminifera “barren zone.” The CIE in the Indus Basin, coupled with the changes in the dinocyst distribution and the benthonic and planktonic foraminifera assemblages, provides evidence of the changes associated with the PETM in this little-known part of the world. The benthonic foraminiferal assemblage indicates bathyal environment of deposition at the time of P/E boundary interval; the presence of dominantly open marine dinoflagellates and high planktonic foraminiferal ratio suggest that the water column at this site was well connected with the rest of the Tethys.

Integrated stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the P/E boundary interval, Rakhi Nala section, Indus Basin (Pakistan)

At Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Sites 612 and 613, located on the New Jersey continental slope and upper rise, respectively, we cored thick Cenozoic sections. These sections are interrupted by numerous unconformities, and much of the Oligocene-Miocene section is missing. There are uncertainties in our placement of some planktonic foraminiferal zonal boundaries because of poor preservation in siliceous Eocene chalks, widely spaced (mostly core catcher) samples, and low diversity Neogene assemblages. In addition, the Eocene sections apparently contain insufficient remanent magnetism to obtain a reliable magnetostratigraphic record. Despite this limited stratigraphic control, planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and/or sedimentation rate estimates suggest the following hiatuses: (1) between the Maestrichtian and early Eocene at Site 612; (2) across the early/middle Eocene boundary at both sites; (3) across the middle/late Eocene boundary at Site 612 (between Zone P12-7P14 and the Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone); (4) between the middle Eocene and late Miocene at Site 613; (5) a possible break between the late Eocene and Oligocene at Site 612; (6) between the earliest Oligocene and late Miocene at Site 612; (7) between the late Pliocene and Pleistocene at Site 612. The timing of some of these erosional events on the New Jersey Transect (e.g., early/middle Eocene, middle/late Eocene, Pliocene/Pleistocene) is similar to that of erosional events noted in northwest Europe, on the Irish margin, and by Vail et al. (1977).

/pdf/cenozoic-planktonic-foraminifers-and-hiatuses-on-the-new-ce65hr5dxo.pdf

Malcolm B. Hart

Papers

Coniacian–Santonian Radiolaria from the Upper Cretaceous of Bornholm, Denmark: A preliminary investigation

Cretaceous sea level changes and global eustatic curves; evidence from SW England

Late Pleistocene pteropods, heteropods and planktonic foraminifera from the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean

Integrated stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the P/E boundary interval, Rakhi Nala section, Indus Basin (Pakistan)

Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminifers and Hiatuses on the New Jersey Slope and Rise: Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95, Northwest Atlantic