Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles. In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.

Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores

Geological atlas of western and central Europe

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

Following identification of the Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary sections in the Gulf Coastal Plain were recognised as being of international significance. In the period 2009–2012, M. B. Hart and co-workers have investigated a number of successions in the Brazos River area, Falls County, Texas, and reported on their sedimentology, micropaleontology and geochronology. Comparable sections in Alabama have received relatively little attention in recent years and this is now being addressed. Sections on Highway 263 near Braggs, Mussel Creek and Moscow Landing appear to have been deposited in shallower-water environments as compared to those in Texas. The Braggs section, which is often regarded as the ‘type’ section by workers in the area, is—in fact—rather atypical. Above a sharp erosive surface at the top of the Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (in a mudstone facies), the majority of the overlying strata are concordant with few signs of hiatuses at lithological boundaries. Many of the carbonate-rich beds within the mudstones of the Clayton Formation (Pine Barren Member) of the Lower Paleocene appear to be diagenetic in origin. In the Mussel Creek succession, which is relatively close to the Braggs section, there are numerous hiatuses detected, many of which show complex bioturbation. Above the almost flat, but bioturbated, top of the Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation is a thin, complex succession of sandstones, clay-stones, eroded blocks of the Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation and prominent fragments of charcoal. This complex series of ‘events’ is followed by a carbonate-rich bed with broken shell fragments and phosphatic clasts, including ammonite fragments, above which is a series of Paleocene mudstones and carbonate-rich beds comparable to those recorded in the Braggs section. The Moscow Landing succession, exposed on the west bank of the Tombigbee River, is located approximately 135 km west-northwest of the Braggs area. In this succession the Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (in a more carbonate-rich facies) is overlain by a brown, coarse, spherule-bearing sandstone that is associated with a small number of widely-spaced, internally complex, channels before—in turn—being overlain by a succession of mudstones and carbonate-rich beds. We identify two regionally important events in these three locations. The top-Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation surface is smooth, but undulating, and appears to be the result of regional erosion at the time of the Chicxulub impact. Between this surface and the local base of Zone P1a, the Clayton (Basal) Sands contain an admixture of sediments, re-worked clasts of the underlying Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation, re-worked macrofossils, re-worked microfossils and (in the west of Alabama) re-deposited spherules. We have been able to piece together the sequence of events in all these sections and linked our preliminary interpretations to both the now-buried Miller’s Ferry sections and the Brazos River area.

The Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary Events in the Gulf Coast: Comparisons between Alabama and Texas

Holocene changes in the benthic and planktic foraminiferal fauna (>63 µm) from a marine sediment core (ARC-3 Canadian Arctic Archipelago, 74° 16.050′ N, 91° 06.380′ W, water depth 347 m) show that significant environmental and palaeoceanographic variations occurred during the last 10 ka. Foraminiferal assemblages are restricted to the ca. 4.5–10 ka interval as younger samples are mostly barren of foraminifera due to intense carbonate dissolution after ca. 4.5 ka. Foraminiferal assemblages in the ca. 4.5–10 ka interval are dominated by the benthic species Islandiella helenae and Cassidulina reniforme (57% of total), with Elphidium clavatum, Cibicides lobatulus and Buccella frigida also being common in this interval. The dominance of these species indicates a seasonal sea ice regime which is consistent with the occurrence of the sea ice diatom-derived organic geochemical biomarker IP25 throughout the core. The abundances of C. reniforme and E. clavatum decline upcore; consistent with more frequent mixing of the Barrow Strait water column during the early Holocene. It is likely that the influence of CO2-rich Arctic surface water masses have caused an increase in bottom water corrosivity after ca. 8.5 ka, and dissolution has been further enhanced by sea ice-related processes after ca. 6 ka, concomitant with increased IP25 fluxes. Dissolution is strongest when IP25 fluxes are highest, suggesting a link between the sea ice and benthic systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Holocene palaeoceanographic changes in Barrow Strait, Canadian Arctic: foraminiferal evidence

The marginal Albian-Cenomanian sediments of south-west England provide an ideal succession in which to study sea-level changes. The recognition of maximum onlap, facies variations and hardground surfaces, has enable a sea-level curve to be established for the late Albian-Middle Cenomanian of this area. The curve shows a gradual sea-level rise during the inflatum Zone, reaching a peak in the basal rostratum Subzone (dispar Zone). A sea-level fall throughout the majority of the dispar Zone reaches a trough in the bsal Cenomanian (carcitanensis Subzone). A subsequent rise in sea-level reaches a peak in the lower part of the saxbi Subzone

Sea-level changes across the Albian-Cenomanian boundary in south-west England

Summary The Thames Barrier, now being built across the Thames between Silvertown and Woolwich, to prevent tidal flooding in London will consist of a series of rotatable gates built across the river and supported by massive concrete piers, the majority of which are founded in the chalk bedrock. As part of the site investigation in early 1972 a micropalaeontological investigation of the chalk was undertaken to determine an accurate stratigraphic correlation of the chalk across the site, the position and nature of any faults which affected the site, and the distribution of in situ , soliflucted and frost-shattered chalk. As a part of the work various biostratigraphic techniques were employed and these are described in detail. Following this investigation it was shown that that chalk had been gently flexed prior to pre-Thanetian erosion. Two sets of weak folds were detected, trending SE-NW and NE-SW. Five faults were recognized near the site. One trends slightly north of east, with the remaining four being en echelon along the navigation channel. Although some of these faults cut the pier sites their throws were considered too small to produce any significant difference in engineering properties across them.

Micropalaeontological investigations for the site of the Thames Barrier, London

The use of foraminifera in the characterisation of sequences (systems tracts, maximum flooding surfaces, etc.) has developed over the last decade. Much of this work has been based in the Cenozoic successions of the Gulf of Mexico, although there is a growing application of such data in the Middle East and the North Sea Basin. The easiest surface to characterise has been the maximum flooding surface with its high diversity and high(er) abundance faunas; the characterisation of individual systems tracts has been less successful. Using the well-known mid-Upper Jurassic successions of the Dorset coastal sections, we have investigated a number of high resolution (para)sequences for their foraminiferal content. Using data of foraminiferal diversity and standing crops from a range of modern substrates we have investigated the potential faunas available after deposition, taphonomy, compaction, groundwater dissolution and modern weathering. By understanding the processes involved we have identified the key foraminiferal features of typical mid-Upper Jurassic sequences and indicated how this work may help in the correlation of successions in North Dorset and Normandy.

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Malcolm B. Hart

Papers

The Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary Events in the Gulf Coast: Comparisons between Alabama and Texas

Holocene palaeoceanographic changes in Barrow Strait, Canadian Arctic: foraminiferal evidence

Sea-level changes across the Albian-Cenomanian boundary in south-west England

Micropalaeontological investigations for the site of the Thames Barrier, London

Foraminiferal characterisation of mid-upper jurassic sequences in the wessex basin (united kingdom)