Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles. In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.

Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores

Geological atlas of western and central Europe

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiomenc dates, including high-resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries, and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Interpolation techniques include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology

A Mesozoic time scale

A combined micropaleontological, geochemical, and sedimentological study of the upper Aptian-Albian succession from the Sergipe basin, northeastern Brazil, has been undertaken. The paleoenvironmental evolution of the basin from the late Aptian to late Albian can be subdivided into three major depositional phases: (1) late Aptian, (2) early to middle Albian; (3) late Albian. A shallow carbonate compensation depth within upper mesopelagic depths (c. 300-500 m) is inferred for the late Aptian-Albian. Intermittent anoxic events, associated with salinity-stratified water masses, occurred in the basin during the late Aptian to Albian. An oxygen minimum (dysaerobic to anoxic conditions) occurred during the late Aptian to earliest Albian, in middle-outer neritic to upper bathyal settings. Waning dysaerobic to oxic conditions are apparent in the late Albian. The foraminiferal assemblages recovered from the upper Aptian marine deposits have a characteristic Tethyan affinity. The microfaunal evidence suggests that this area of the northern South Atlantic had at least some surface water exchange with low-latitude central North Atlantic-western Tethyan Provinces, even possible at intermediate (epipelagic to mesopelagic) water depths. Contribution of microfaunal elements coming from high-latitude northern (Boreal Realm) and/or southern (Austral) regions is also apparent, although of less significance.

The upper Aptian-Albian succession of the Sergipe basin, Brazil: An integrated paleoenvironmental assessment

Following discussions at the Second International Symposium on Cretaceous Stage Boundaries, held in Brussels, 8-16 September 1995, the Working Group has identified two possible GSSP's (Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points) for the base of the Albian Stage. One of these, located at Vohrum (North Germany), was fully discussed at the Copenhagen Symposium in 1983 and, if selected, would use the appearance of Leymeriella schrammeni for the definition of the base of the Albian Stage. Unfortunately, apart from the ammonite information, there appears to be few other biostratigraphic data available for that succession. An alternative stratotype section, in the Vocontian Trough of S.E. France, offers a wider range of descriptors, including ammonites, calcareous nannofossils, planktonic foraminifera, dinoflagellate cysts and oceanic anoxic events [e.g., the Paquier Event]. Once data for both sections are fully compiled a boundary is clearly definable. The bases of the Middle Albian and Upper Albian were also discussed, the decision having been taken to retain the tripartite subdivision of the Albian Stage. A possible GSSP for the base of the Middle Albian is the Cotes Noires succession on the River Marne near StDizier [Haute-Marne, France]. While the boundary may be identified by the appearance of Lyelliceras lyelli further work on the proposed GSSP needs to be done [possibly by the GFC]. The base of the Upper Albian is probably best defined by the appearance of Dipoloceras cristatum. There are two potential GSSP's; Wissant [Pas-de-Calais, France] and Folkestone [Kent, England] — both listed by d'ORBiGNY in the initial definition of the Stage. Either of these sections could act as the GSSP, although it is recognised that the succession at Folkestone is very condensed. An alternative locality, in the Vocontian Trough [S.E.France] may prove more suitable and information on all three locations will be gathered before a final decision is taken.

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The Albian stage and substage boundaries

The recent history of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, is deduced using data obtained from a submarine core collected in 2002. The core contains concentrations of ash and several tephra layers, which are identified by the abundance of glass shards, dense and poorly vesiculated particles, and scoria. The tephra layers have been dated using micropalaeontology and stable isotope stratigraphy. Tephra layers in a marine sediment core off the coast of Montserrat record the volcanic history of South Soufriere Hills–Soufriere Hills volcano back to 250 ka. Eight layers are composed of dense juvenile ash related to dome eruptions, five of which can be directly correlated to dated domes or related pyroclastic flow sequences on land. Six layers are composed of pumiceous glassy ash and relate to significant explosive eruptions. A marker sequence of basalt tephra layers is dated at 124–147 ka and is correlated with construction of the South Soufriere Hills basaltic stratocone. Pelagic sediments between the main tephra layers have low abundances of volcanogenic components ( c . 10 4 years) of dormancy or low activity.

Late Pleistocene tephrochronology of marine sediments adjacent to Montserrat, lesser Antilles volcanic arc

Planktic Foraminifera are an extremely abundant, important and successful group of marine protists. They are particularly useful in reconstructing past environments and for biostratigraphic dating. Despite their importance, the origin of the group is uncertain. Previous work has suggested that they evolved from a benthic ancestor during the Triassic or, perhaps, the Mid-Jurassic (?Bajocian), but a reason for their origination has remained unclear. Here, we present evidence from the Toarcian (early Jurassic) of NW Europe that the origin of the planktic Foraminifera may have been one of the results of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. This event appears to have been associated with a massive dissociation of gas hydrates and other, perhaps related, water chemistry changes.

Malcolm B. Hart

Papers

The upper Aptian-Albian succession of the Sergipe basin, Brazil: An integrated paleoenvironmental assessment

The Albian stage and substage boundaries

Late Pleistocene tephrochronology of marine sediments adjacent to Montserrat, lesser Antilles volcanic arc

The search for the origin of the planktic Foraminifera

The recognition of mid-Cretaceous sea-level changes by means of Foraminifera