CARBON nanotubes1 are expected to have a wide variety of interesting properties. Capillarity in open tubes has already been demonstrated2–5, while predictions regarding their electronic structure6–8 and mechanical strength9 remain to be tested. To examine the properties of these structures, one needs tubes with well defined morphologies, length, thickness and a number of concentric shells; but the normal carbon-arc synthesis10,11 yields a range of tube types. In particular, most calculations have been concerned with single-shell tubes, whereas the carbon-arc synthesis produces almost entirely multi-shell tubes. Here we report the synthesis of abundant single-shell tubes with diameters of about one nanometre. Whereas the multi-shell nanotubes are formed on the carbon cathode, these single-shell tubes grow in the gas phase. Electron diffraction from a single tube allows us to confirm the helical arrangement of carbon hexagons deduced previously for multi-shell tubes1.

Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter

The interest in nanoscale materials stems from the fact that new properties are acquired at this length scale and, equally important, that these properties * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone, 404-8940292; fax, 404-894-0294; e-mail, mostafa.el-sayed@ chemistry.gatech.edu. † Case Western Reserve UniversitysMillis 2258. ‡ Phone, 216-368-5918; fax, 216-368-3006; e-mail, burda@case.edu. § Georgia Institute of Technology. 1025 Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025−1102

Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes.

Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.

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Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications

Nanoparticles — particles in the size range 1–100 nm — are emerging as a class of therapeutics for cancer. Early clinical results suggest that nanoparticle therapeutics can
show enhanced efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects, owing to properties such as more targeted localization in tumours and active cellular uptake. Here, we
highlight the features of nanoparticle therapeutics that distinguish them from previous anticancer therapies, and describe how these features provide the potential for
therapeutic effects that are not achievable with other modalities. While large numbers of preclinical studies have been published, the emphasis here is placed on preclinical and clinical studies that are likely to affect clinical investigations and their implications for advancing the treatment of patients with cancer.

Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer

Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece, Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9021 CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Therapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes

The new complexes [Co(η-C5H5)(η-2-MeC3H4)L][PF6](L = CO, PMe3, C5H5N, or NH3), [Co(η-C5H5)(η-1-MeC3H4)L′][PF6] and [Co(η-C5H5)(η-C3H5)L′][PF6](L′= CO or PMe3), [Co(η-C5H5)(η-2-MeC3H4)I], [Co(η-C5H5)(PMe3)(CO)], [Co(η-C5H5)(PMe3)3][PF6]2, [Co(η-C5H5)(PMe2Ph)I2], [Co(η-C5H5)(PMe2Ph)2H][PF6], and [Co(η-C5H5)(PMe3)Me2] have been prepared and characterized.

η-Cyclopentadienylcobalt chemistry: allylic, alkyl, and hydrido-derivatives

Formation and cleavage of carbon-carbon and tungsten-carbon bonds involving bis(.eta.-cyclopentadienyl)tungsten compounds

Apparatus for the chemical synthesis of an evaporant and a liquid has a cryogenic pumping device between the evaporant source and the reaction region and a pump causes the liquid to be continuously recirculated until the reaction is completed, the pressure in the evaporation region being maintained substantially lower than that in the reaction region by differential pumping.

Chemical synthesis apparatus and method

A continuous process is described using three catalysts in sequence for the synthesis of the C[sub 3] oxygenate propanal, from methane and air, at 1 atm in 13.2% yield. The three catalytic reactions are the methane oxidative coupling to ethene, methane partial oxygenation to synthesis gas, and the hydroformylation of ethene. The combined process implies that a higher yield of propanal can be obtained than for the formation of ethene from the oxidative coupling reaction alone. The authors have examined the effect of reaction conditions on the yield of propanal.

Conversion of methane to propanal at ambient pressure

Co-condensation of osmium atoms with benzene gives stable Os(η6-C6H6)(η4-C6H6) whereas co-condensation of osmium atoms with mesitylene forms the dimers[(η6-C6H3Me3)Os(µ-H)2(µ-CHC6H3Me2-3,5)Os(η6-C6H3Me3)] and [(η6-C6H3Me3)Os(µ-CHC6H3Me2-3,5)Os(η6-C6H3Me3)].

Malcolm L. H. Green

Papers

η-Cyclopentadienylcobalt chemistry: allylic, alkyl, and hydrido-derivatives

Formation and cleavage of carbon-carbon and tungsten-carbon bonds involving bis(.eta.-cyclopentadienyl)tungsten compounds

Chemical synthesis apparatus and method

Conversion of methane to propanal at ambient pressure

(η6-Arene)osmium chemistry: crystal structure of [(η6-C6H3Me3)Os(µ-CHC6H3Me2-3,5)Os(η6-C6H3Me3)]