Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Roles moleculaires des proteines de choc thermique dans le fonctionnement des organismes a des temperatures normales et suite a des chocs thermiques; differents genes impliques

The heat-shock proteins

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

As a discipline, phylogenetics is becoming transformed by a flood of molecular data. These data allow broad questions to be asked about the history of life, but also present difficult statistical and computational problems. Bayesian inference of phylogeny brings a new perspective to a number of outstanding issues in evolutionary biology, including the analysis of large phylogenetic trees and complex evolutionary models and the detection of the footprint of natural selection in DNA sequences.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/294/5550/2310.full.pdf

Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology

Behavioral genetics ofDrosophilafemale post-mating responses

Gene-poor, repeat-rich regions of the genome are poorly understood and have been understudied due to technical challenges and the misconception that they are degenerating “junk”. Yet multiple lines of evidence indicate these regions may be an important source of variation that could drive adaptation and species divergence, particularly through regulation of fertility. The ∼40 Mb Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster contains only 16 known protein-coding genes and is highly repetitive and entirely heterochromatic. Most of the genes originated from duplication of autosomal genes and have reduced nonsynonymous substitution rates, suggesting functional constraint. We devised a genetic strategy for recovering and retaining stocks with sterile Y-linked mutations and combined it with CRISPR to create mutants with deletions that disrupt three Y-linked genes. Two genes, PRY and FDY, had no previously identified functions. We found that PRY mutant males are sub-fertile, but FDY mutant males had no detectable fertility defects. FDY, the newest known gene on the Y chromosome, may have fertility effects that are conditional or too subtle to detect. The third gene, CCY, had been predicted but never formally shown to be required for male fertility. CRISPR-targeting and RNAi of CCY caused male sterility. Surprisingly, however, our CCY mutants were sterile even in the presence of an extra wild-type Y chromosome, suggesting that perturbation of the Y chromosome can lead to dominant sterility. Our approach provides an important step toward understanding the complex functions of the Y chromosome and parsing which functions are accomplished by genes versus repeat elements.

https://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/01/30/2020.01.30.926543.full-text.pdf

CRISPR Mutants of Three Y Chromosome Genes Suggest Gradual Evolution of Fertility Functions in Drosophila melanogaster

Interactions between spermatozoa and the female reproductive tract (FRT) are complex, in many cases poorly understood, and likely to contribute to the mechanistic basis of idiopathic infertility. As such, it is not surprising that the FRT was often viewed historically as a “hostile” environment for spermatozoa. The FRT has also been touted as a selective environment to ensure that only the highest quality spermatozoa progress to the oocyte for the opportunity to participate in fertilization. Recent advances, however, are giving rise to a far more nuanced view in which supportive spermatozoa × FRT interactions—in both directions—contribute to beneficial, even essential, effects on fertility. In this perspective article, we discuss several examples of positive spermatozoa × FRT interactions. We believe that these examples, arising in part from studies of taxonomically diverse nonmammalian systems, are useful to efforts to study mammalian spermatozoa × FRT interactions and their relevance to fertility and the advancement of assisted reproductive technologies.

Suspension of hostility: Positive interactions between spermatozoa and female reproductive tracts

Simple Summary The functions of organ systems must be coordinated for physiological homeostasis to occur. For example, after mating, coordination between insect digestive and reproductive systems is needed to ensure adequate nutrition for efficient egg/progeny production, and, conversely, to attune egg production levels to nutrient availability. Recent studies of Drosophila have revealed much about the post-mating changes in female reproductive tract function and in gut homeostasis, and the induction of these changes by male seminal proteins. Interesting regulatory connections between the organ systems and their responses have come to light in those studies. We have gathered these data into a single network schematic of the signaling events that operate within and between the reproductive and digestive systems downstream of seminal fluid proteins, summarizing current knowledge of the crosstalk between the systems and raising open questions for future study. Abstract Mating initiates broad physiological changes encompassing multiple organ systems in females. Elucidating the complex inter- and intra-organ signaling events that coordinate these physiological changes is an important goal in the field of reproductive biology. Further characterization of these complex molecular and physiological interactions is key to understanding how females meet the energetic demands of offspring production. Many recent studies of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have described the mechanisms of post-mating changes within the female reproductive tract and digestive system. Additionally, other studies have described post-mating signaling crosstalk between these systems. Interestingly, male seminal fluid proteins have been linked to post-mating responses within the female reproductive tract and gut, and to signaling events between the two organ systems. However, information about the hormonal and neuronal signaling pathways underlying the post-mating signaling events within and between the reproductive tract and digestive systems that are triggered by seminal fluid proteins has yet to be combined into a single view. In this article, we summarize and integrate these studies into a single “network schematic” of the known signaling events within and between the reproductive and digestive systems downstream of male seminal fluid proteins. This synthesis also draws attention to the incomplete parts of these pathways, so that outstanding questions may be addressed in future studies.

/pdf/the-effects-of-male-seminal-fluid-proteins-on-gut-gonad-ip1khsie.pdf

The Effects of Male Seminal Fluid Proteins on Gut/Gonad Interactions in Drosophila

In sexually reproducing organisms, assessment of potential reproductive partners can influence not only whether a reproductive event (hereafter “coupling” to include both internal and external fertilizers) occurs between two individuals but also the quantity and quality of offspring it generates. In response to variation in phenotypic traits, reproductive partners may alter the composition, transfer, or retention of ejaculate components, or of eggs produced [1]. These changes can affect the reproductive outcome including, in some cases, by affecting the behavior and/or physiology of the recipient long after coupling is over.[2] “Cryptic choice” after the beginning of coupling can result from assessing phenotypes before the coupling, or assessing physical, behavioral, or chemical traits during coupling (e.g., body weight or size, vibrations or stroking, pheromones, or reproductive tract secretions).[1] Although there are numerous studies of themale’s copulatory behaviors in this context, far less is known about the female’s. In many species, each sex displays stereotypical movement patterns during coupling. Male behaviors during coupling include those systematically documented in arthropods such as: tapping and stroking females with legs or antennae, and thrusting and squeezing with the genitalia.[1] These behaviors are hypothesized or demonstrated to associate with male reproductive success. Female arthropods’ behaviors during coupling include stridulation, shaking, and wing vibrations. For example, mating female spiders’ bursts of vibrations, produced by rapidly moving their pedipalps, are associated with changes in male behavior and post-copulatory reproductive success.[3] Peretti and colleagues proposed that this “copulatory dialogue” impacts male competitive fertilization success, but little is known about the components and consequences of copulatory dialogue in most species.

Mariana F. Wolfner

Papers

Behavioral genetics ofDrosophilafemale post-mating responses

CRISPR Mutants of Three Y Chromosome Genes Suggest Gradual Evolution of Fertility Functions in Drosophila melanogaster

Suspension of hostility: Positive interactions between spermatozoa and female reproductive tracts

The Effects of Male Seminal Fluid Proteins on Gut/Gonad Interactions in Drosophila

"Call and Response": A Case of Behavioral-Molecular Copulatory Dialogue?