There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Introduction to stochastic programming

Residential Demand Response (DR) is believed to be a feasible tool for increasing the power system operational flexibility and efficiency.  In this paper, we develop a demand response methodology for residential peak load shaving. We present an optimal demand response model for scheduling the EV and storage space heating load in tandem. Realistic case studies based on Finnish household data is performed to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and the results are thoroughly compared with business as usual case. The simulation result suggests that proposed methodology can bring economic savings to the customers and reduce the peak power problem as well.

Collaborative Demand Response Optimization of Electric Vehicles and Storage Space Heating for Residential Peak Shaving

This paper presents a new market-based framework to exploit distributed energy resources’ (DERs) flexibility in distribution and transmission systems. This framework targets intra-hourly flexibility requirements of energy systems. In this regard, a local market is operated in distribution network to exploit DERs’ capabilities. Local market is cleared in coordination with wholesale market to optimize DERs’ flexibility procurement for meeting intra-hourly variability and uncertainty in distribution and transmission systems. In the proposed framework, a technical virtual power plant (TVPP) operates day-ahead (DA) local energy and flexibility markets in which DER aggregators take part. Furthermore, the TVPP participates in DA wholesale energy and flexibility markets which are cleared by the market operator and the transmission system operator, respectively. In this framework, all agents’ preferences and their transactions are addressed using a bilevel model with multiple lower levels. The proposed model is reformulated into a mixed integer linear programming problem by utilizing strong duality theory, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions and primal-dual counterpart. The model is implemented on an IEEE standard test system. The results demonstrate effectiveness of the framework in utilizing DERs’ capabilities to meet flexibility requirements as well as satisfying agents’ preferences.

Exploiting DERs’ Flexibility Provision in Distribution and Transmission Systems Interface

The invention relates to a measuring device (3, 5) for use in power distribution networks or transmission networks, comprising a measuring sensor (5) for measuring one or more parameters of a network and a transmitter (9) for the wireless communication of measured data. The measuring device is mountable on the top end of a power line insulator (1), such that the measuring device (3, 5) is integrated with a conductor-laying sleeve (2) installable in a channel present at the insulator's (1) top end.

Measuring device for use in power distribution networks or transmission networks

In this paper, an improved double-end fault locator is presented for transmission systems using unsynchronized measurements and disregarding the line parameters. The proposed algorithm is formalized using lumped parameter line model in order to facilitate computing the unsynchronized shifting angle between both line ends. The Least Square Error (LSE) is first used to solve the equivalent positive sequence network of the line using double end measurements to compute the synchronizing angle. Artificial Neural Network is then utilized to minimize the errors in angle extraction and accordingly the fault distance is estimated correctly. The ATP-EMTP program is used to perform the fault cases and therefore evaluating the locator performance. The test results provide evidences for the efficacy of the proposed fault locator using unsynchronized double end measurements without utilizing the line parameters for any fault type.

Matti Lehtonen

Papers

Collaborative Demand Response Optimization of Electric Vehicles and Storage Space Heating for Residential Peak Shaving

Exploiting DERs’ Flexibility Provision in Distribution and Transmission Systems Interface

Measuring device for use in power distribution networks or transmission networks

Unsynchronized fault location independent on line parameters for transmission systems

Fault location in underground distribution networks using travelling waves