Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Attachment--and loss.

Without a complete published description of interventions, clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement interventions that are shown to be useful, and other researchers cannot replicate or build on research findings. The quality of description of interventions in publications, however, is remarkably poor. To improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions, an international group of experts and stakeholders developed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. The process involved a literature review for relevant checklists and research, a Delphi survey of an international panel of experts to guide item selection, and a face to face panel meeting. The resultant 12 item TIDieR checklist (brief name, why, what (materials), what (procedure), who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, how well (planned), how well (actual)) is an extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement (item 5) and the SPIRIT 2013 statement (item 11). While the emphasis of the checklist is on trials, the guidance is intended to apply across all evaluative study designs. This paper presents the TIDieR checklist and guide, with an explanation and elaboration for each item, and examples of good reporting. The TIDieR checklist and guide should improve the reporting of interventions and make it easier for authors to structure accounts of their interventions, reviewers and editors to assess the descriptions, and readers to use the information.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g1687.full.pdf

Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide

การวจยเชงคณภาพ เปนเครองมอสำคญอยางหนงสำหรบทำความเขาใจสงคมและพฤตกรรมมนษย การวจยแบบการสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล กเปนหนงในหลายระเบยบวธการวจยเชงคณภาพทกำลงไดรบความสนใจ และเปนทนยมเพมสงขนเรอยๆ จากนกวชาการ และนกวจยในสาขาสงคมศาสตร และศาสตรอนๆ เชน พฤตกรรมศาสตร สงคมวทยา สาธารณสขศาสตร พยาบาลศาสตร จตวทยาสงคม ศกษาศาสตร รฐศาสตร และสารสนเทศศกษา ดงนน หนงสอเรอง “ConstructingGrounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis” หรอ “การสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล:แนวทางการปฏบตผานการวเคราะหเชงคณภาพ” จะชวยใหผอานมความรความเขาใจถงพฒนาการของปฏบตการวจยแบบสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล ตลอดจนแนวทาง และกระบวนการปฏบตการวจยอยางเปนระบบ จงเปนหนงสอทควรคาแกการอานโดยเฉพาะนกวจยรนใหม เพอเปนแนวทางในการนำความรความเขาใจไประยกตในงานวจยของตน อกทงนกวจยผเชยวชาญสามารถอานเพอขยายมโนทศนดานวจยใหกวางขวางขน

Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis

OBJECTIVE: The clinical hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis. The objective of this overview is to link the neurobiology (brain), the phenomenological experience (mind), and pharmacological aspects of psychosis-in-schizophrenia into a unitary framework. METHOD: Current ideas regarding the neurobiology and phenomenology of psychosis and schizophrenia, the role of dopamine, and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medication were integrated to develop this framework. RESULTS: A central role of dopamine is to mediate the “salience” of environmental events and internal representations. It is proposed that a dysregulated, hyperdopaminergic state, at a “brain” level of description and analysis, leads to an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one’s experience, at a “mind” level. Delusions are a cognitive effort by the patient to make sense of these aberrantly salient experiences, whereas hallucinations reflect a direct experience of the aberrant salience of internal representations. Antipsyc...

Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia.

Purpose Recent legislation and guidance in England emphasises the importance of service user choice in care planning. However, it is not obvious how best to facilitate choices in care planning, and some clinicians are concerned that service users may make ‘unwise’ decisions. This study aimed to examine mental health service users’ preferences and priorities in the event of a future mental health crisis or relapse. Method Thematic analysis of 221 joint crisis plans (JCP) developed by service users and their clinical team as part of the CRIMSON randomised controlled trial. Participants had a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, at least one psychiatric admission in the past 2 years, contact with a community mental health team, and complex care needs. Results Two major categories of preferences were identified: first the manner in which crisis care would be delivered; and second, specific treatment interventions. Most service users requested full involvement in decisions about their care, clear and consistent treatment plans, access to familiar clinicians who knew them well, and to be treated with respect and compassion. Some service users requested hospitalisation, but the majority preferred alternatives. The most frequently preferred intervention was care by a home treatment team. Just under half made a treatment refusal, the majority being for specific medications, alternatives were offered. Conclusions Joint crisis planning resulted in service users making choices that were clinically reasonable. The technique employed by JCPs appeared to empower service users by engaging them in a productive dialogue with their clinicians.

/pdf/what-service-users-with-psychotic-disorders-want-in-a-mental-425jb889cn.pdf

What service users with psychotic disorders want in a mental health crisis or relapse: thematic analysis of joint crisis plans

Aims:
To investigate the relationship between internalized stigma, depression, social anxiety and unusual experiences in young people considered to be at risk of developing psychosis. 

Methods:
A total of 288 participants meeting criteria for an at-risk mental state were recruited as part of a multisite randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for people meeting criteria for an at risk mental state (ARMS). The sample was assessed at baseline and 6 months using measures of at risk mental states, internalized stigma, depression and social anxiety. 

Results:
The Personal Beliefs about Experiences Questionnaire was validated for use with an ARMS sample. Correlational analyses at baseline indicated significant relationships between internalized stigma and: (i) depression; (ii) social anxiety; (iii) distress associated with unusual psychological experiences; and (iv) suicidal thinking. Regression analysis indicates negative appraisals of unusual experiences contributed significantly to depression scores at 6-month follow up when controlling for baseline depression and unusual psychological experiences. 

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that internalized stigma may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression in young people at risk of psychosis.

Internalized stigma, emotional dysfunction and unusual experiences in young people at risk of psychosis

A description of an emerging paradigm is presented which places emphasis upon secondary prevention in psychosis. It is argued that the first two or three years following a first episode of psychosis is a crucial period for high-quality psychosocial and biological interventions and a time slot which may influence recovery and long-term outcome. Factors contributing to long-term outcome as possible areas for secondary prevention are reviewed.

Early intervention in psychosis: opportunities for secondary prevention.

Command hallucinations are a particularly distressing and sometimes dangerous type of hallucination about which relatively little is known and for which no evidenced based treatment currently exists 

In A Casebook of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Command Hallucinations the development of a new and innovative evidence based cognitive therapy is presented in a practical format ideal for the busy practitioner This new approach is based on over a decade's research on the role of voice hearers' beliefs about the power and omnipotence of their voices and how this drives distress and 'acting on' voices The therapy protocol is presented in clear steps from formulation to intervention The body of the book describes its application in eight cases illustrating the breadth of its application, including 'complex' cases The authors also present their interpretation of what their findings tell us about what works and doesn't work, and suggestions for future developments Subjects covered also include:


understanding command hallucinations 


a cognitive versus a quasi-neuroleptic approach to CBT in psychosis


does CBT for CH work? findings from a randomised controlled trial


This book provides a fascinating and very practical summary of the first intervention to have a major impact on distress and on compliance with command hallucinations It will be of great interest to all mental health practitioners working with people with psychosis in community and forensic settings

A Casebook of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Command Hallucinations: A Social Rank Theory Approach

Monitoring Recovery from Acute Psychosis Interventions with Families Early Intervention Management and Modification of Residual Positive Psychotic Symptoms Models of Continuing Care.

Max Birchwood

Papers

What service users with psychotic disorders want in a mental health crisis or relapse: thematic analysis of joint crisis plans

Internalized stigma, emotional dysfunction and unusual experiences in young people at risk of psychosis

Early intervention in psychosis: opportunities for secondary prevention.

A Casebook of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Command Hallucinations: A Social Rank Theory Approach

Psychological management of schizophrenia