Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Attachment--and loss.

Without a complete published description of interventions, clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement interventions that are shown to be useful, and other researchers cannot replicate or build on research findings. The quality of description of interventions in publications, however, is remarkably poor. To improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions, an international group of experts and stakeholders developed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. The process involved a literature review for relevant checklists and research, a Delphi survey of an international panel of experts to guide item selection, and a face to face panel meeting. The resultant 12 item TIDieR checklist (brief name, why, what (materials), what (procedure), who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, how well (planned), how well (actual)) is an extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement (item 5) and the SPIRIT 2013 statement (item 11). While the emphasis of the checklist is on trials, the guidance is intended to apply across all evaluative study designs. This paper presents the TIDieR checklist and guide, with an explanation and elaboration for each item, and examples of good reporting. The TIDieR checklist and guide should improve the reporting of interventions and make it easier for authors to structure accounts of their interventions, reviewers and editors to assess the descriptions, and readers to use the information.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g1687.full.pdf

Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide

การวจยเชงคณภาพ เปนเครองมอสำคญอยางหนงสำหรบทำความเขาใจสงคมและพฤตกรรมมนษย การวจยแบบการสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล กเปนหนงในหลายระเบยบวธการวจยเชงคณภาพทกำลงไดรบความสนใจ และเปนทนยมเพมสงขนเรอยๆ จากนกวชาการ และนกวจยในสาขาสงคมศาสตร และศาสตรอนๆ เชน พฤตกรรมศาสตร สงคมวทยา สาธารณสขศาสตร พยาบาลศาสตร จตวทยาสงคม ศกษาศาสตร รฐศาสตร และสารสนเทศศกษา ดงนน หนงสอเรอง “ConstructingGrounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis” หรอ “การสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล:แนวทางการปฏบตผานการวเคราะหเชงคณภาพ” จะชวยใหผอานมความรความเขาใจถงพฒนาการของปฏบตการวจยแบบสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล ตลอดจนแนวทาง และกระบวนการปฏบตการวจยอยางเปนระบบ จงเปนหนงสอทควรคาแกการอานโดยเฉพาะนกวจยรนใหม เพอเปนแนวทางในการนำความรความเขาใจไประยกตในงานวจยของตน อกทงนกวจยผเชยวชาญสามารถอานเพอขยายมโนทศนดานวจยใหกวางขวางขน

Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis

OBJECTIVE: The clinical hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis. The objective of this overview is to link the neurobiology (brain), the phenomenological experience (mind), and pharmacological aspects of psychosis-in-schizophrenia into a unitary framework. METHOD: Current ideas regarding the neurobiology and phenomenology of psychosis and schizophrenia, the role of dopamine, and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medication were integrated to develop this framework. RESULTS: A central role of dopamine is to mediate the “salience” of environmental events and internal representations. It is proposed that a dysregulated, hyperdopaminergic state, at a “brain” level of description and analysis, leads to an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one’s experience, at a “mind” level. Delusions are a cognitive effort by the patient to make sense of these aberrantly salient experiences, whereas hallucinations reflect a direct experience of the aberrant salience of internal representations. Antipsyc...

Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia.

Background. A neuropsychological formulation of schizophrenia has suggested that problems with meta-representation underpin both positive and negative symptoms. This study tested Frith's account by asking patients experiencing an acute episode of psychosis to complete a set of tasks that involved Theory of Mind (ToM) skills. Methods. Fourteen patients who fulfilled criteria for schizophrenia, 10 deluded patients who were suffering from psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia and 12 depressed patients completed second-order false belief tasks, a test which involved substitution of a co-referential term in a linguistic description of an event, and metaphor and irony tasks. The battery of tests was completed during the acute phase and following recovery. Selection of these patient groups allowed comparisons to be made between schizophrenia patients and non-schizophrenia patients and between patients with and without persecutory delusions. Results. Schizophrenia patients, who had a multiplicity of positive and negative symptoms, performed significantly worse than non-schizophrenia patients on some of the ToM tasks during an acute episode. Patients with delusions of persecution and reference did not perform significantly worse than non-deluded patients on ToM tasks. There was no significant difference between groups in performance on any of the tasks at recovery. Conclusions. The results provide at best weak support for Frith's account and it remains unclear whether the ToM deficits demonstrated are genuine deficits or are a result of information-processing overload. However, it is clear that difficulties interpreting interpersonal contexts, as shown by some schizophrenia patients, are state rather than trait characteristics.

'Theory of mind' skills during an acute episode of psychosis and following recovery.

Background We present a revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ—R), a self-report measure of patients' beliefs, emotions and behaviour about auditory hallucinations.

Aims To improve measurement of omnipotence, a pivotal concept in understanding auditory hallucinations, and elucidate links between beliefs about voices, anxiety and depression.

Methods Seventy-one participants with chronic auditory hallucinations completed the BAVQ—R, and 58 also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results The mean Cronbach's α for the five sub-scales was 0.86 (range 0.74-0.88). The study supports hypotheses about links between beliefs, emotions and behaviour, and presents original data on how these relate to the new omnipotence sub-scale. Original data are also presented on connections with anxiety and depression.

Conclusions The BAVQ—R is more reliable and sensitive to individual differences than the original version, and reliably measures omnipotence.

/pdf/the-revised-beliefs-about-voices-questionnaire-bavq-r-6t5ga5mwsq.pdf

The revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R).

Objective To determine whether cognitive therapy is effective in preventing the worsening of emerging psychotic symptoms experienced by help seeking young people deemed to be at risk for serious conditions such as schizophrenia.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/344/bmj.e2233.full.pdf

Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial

Background In paper I we reported that depression in the acute stage 
remitted in line with the psychosis and that 36% of patients developed 
post-psychotic depression (PPD). Aims We apply our cognitive framework to PPD and chart the appraisal 
of self and psychosis and their link with the later emergence of PPD. Method Patients with ICD-10 schizophrenia ( n =105) were 
followed up over 12 months following the acute episode, taking measures of 
depression, working self-concept, cognitive vulnerability, insight and 
appraisals of psychosis. Results Before developing PPD, these patients felt greater loss, 
humiliation and entrapment by their illness than those who relapsed or did not 
become depressed, and were more likely to see their future selves in ‘
lower status’ roles. Upon becoming depressed, participants 
developed greater insight, lower self-esteem and a worsening of their 
appraisals of psychosis. Conclusions Depression in psychosis arises from the individual9s 
appraisal of psychosis and its implications for his/her perceived social 
identity, position and ‘group fit’. Patients developing PPD feel 
forced to accept a subordinate role without opportunity for escape. 
Implications for treatment are discussed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/794A95AF1D89870B4E509A2C1524F4A7/S0007125000156041a.pdf/div-class-title-cognitive-approach-to-depression-and-suicidal-thinking-in-psychosis-div.pdf

Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 2. Testing the validity of a social ranking model.

Background Command hallucinations are a distressing and high-risk group of symptoms that have long been recognised but little understood, with few effective treatments. In line with our recent research, we propose that the development of an effective cognitive therapy for command hallucinations (CTCH) would be enhanced by applying insights from social rank theory.

Aims We tested the efficacy of CTCH in reducing beliefs about the power of voices and thereby compliance, in a single-blind, randomised controlled trial.

Method Atotal of 38 patients with command hallucinations, with which they had recently complied with serious consequences, were allocated randomly to CTCH or treatment as usual and followed up at 6 months and12 months.

Results Large and significant reductions in compliance behaviour were obtained favouring the cognitive therapy group (effect size 1.1). Improvements were also observed in the CTCH but not the control group in degree of conviction in the power and superiority of the voices and the need to comply, and in levels of distress and depression. No change in voice topography (frequency, loudness, content) was observed. The differences were maintained at 12 months’ follow-up.

Conclusions The results support the efficacy of cognitive therapy for CTCH.

/pdf/cognitive-therapy-for-command-hallucinations-randomised-vz5ppi33zn.pdf

Max Birchwood

Papers

'Theory of mind' skills during an acute episode of psychosis and following recovery.

The revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R).

Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial

Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 2. Testing the validity of a social ranking model.

Cognitive therapy for command hallucinations: randomised controlled trial.