There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.

The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals

Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

Various novel techniques including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction have been developed for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, increase the extraction yield, and enhance the quality of extracts. A critical review was conducted to introduce and compare the conventional Soxhlet extraction and the new alternative methods used for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. The practical issues of each extraction method were discussed. Potential uses of those methods for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plant materials was finally summarized.

Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants

The production of fine particles via the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) antisolvent process was carried out. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 40–60 °C and pressures of 8–12 ...

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.9b04495

Formation of Fine Particles from Curcumin/PVP by the Supercritical Antisolvent Process with a Coaxial Nozzle.

Two continuous processes for the fractionation of citrus oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) have been developed to obtain the highly concentrated product of flavor; (1) countercurrent extraction process, (2) pressure swing adsorption process. In the countercurrent process, effects of pressure and solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F ratio) on the separation selectivity were investigated at a temperature of 333 K. The selectivity was improved with the increase in the S/F ratio. The HETS was calculated from the phase equilibria estimated by PR equation of state for a model mixture and the measured HETS decreased from 4 to 0.2 m with increase in the S/F ratio. In the pressure swing adsorption process, a cyclic adsorption and desorption process in SCCO2 was developed with silica gel adsorbent at a temperature of 313 K. Highly concentrated fraction of flavor was continuously obtained at the desorption step and blowdown step.

Application of supercritical fluid technology to citrus oil processing

A new process in affinity separation of proteins is proposed. The adsorption stage was substituted from a conventional columnwise operation to a batchwise operation. In the batchwise mode, the solute can be adsorbed quickly from a large quantity of very dilute solution. Then, the combined process with batchwise adsorption and columnwise elution brings a efficient purification in a short time.Trypsin was purified by using Sepharose 4B-STI adsorbent to demonstrate the efficiency of this process. The efficiencies were evaluated in terms of both the recovery of solute and the utilization of adsorbent. It was found for the experimental conditions that the batchwise adsorption required less time for the operation than the columnwise adsorption.

Enzyme Purification by Affinity Chromatography Combined with Batchwise Adsorption and Columnwise Elution

Tocopherols are the major components of deodorizer distillate, and   one of the most important byproducts of soybean oil from the deodorization step of the soybean refining process. In the past, tocopherols were removed conventionally from the soybean deodorizer distillate using solvent extraction and molecular and vacuum distillation. Recently, supercritical carbon dioxide was tested as an alternative solvent for the separation processing of tocopherols. A separation process for a binary-component model mixture composed of α-tocopherol and squalene was developed using the pressure swing adsorption concept in supercritical carbon dioxide. In the present study, the pressure swing operation between the adsorption step at a lower pressure, and the desorption step at a higher pressure was performed with octadecylsilica (ODS) as adsorbent. The objective of the current work was to experimentally measure the effect of operating parameters such as half-cycle time, pressure ratio, and flow-rate ratio on the produc...

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Papers

Formation of Fine Particles from Curcumin/PVP by the Supercritical Antisolvent Process with a Coaxial Nozzle.

Application of supercritical fluid technology to citrus oil processing

Enzyme Purification by Affinity Chromatography Combined with Batchwise Adsorption and Columnwise Elution

Separation of α-Tocopherol and Squalene by Pressure Swing Adsorption in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Kinetic study for liquefaction of tar in sub- and supercritical water