抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Current research into semiconductor clusters is focused on the properties of quantum dots-fragments of semiconductor consisting of hundreds to many thousands of atoms-with the bulk bonding geometry and with surface states eliminated by enclosure in a material that has a larger band gap. Quantum dots exhibit strongly size-dependent optical and electrical properties. The ability to join the dots into complex assemblies creates many opportunities for scientific discovery.

Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules and single nanoparticles have been achieved at room temperature with the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Individual silver colloidal nanoparticles were screened from a large heterogeneous population for special size-dependent properties and were then used to amplify the spectroscopic signatures of adsorbed molecules. For single rhodamine 6G molecules adsorbed on the selected nanoparticles, the intrinsic Raman enhancement factors were on the order of 10 14 to 10 15 , much larger than the ensemble-averaged values derived from conventional measurements. This enormous enhancement leads to vibrational Raman signals that are more intense and more stable than single-molecule fluorescence.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/275/5303/1102.full.pdf

Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

A solar cell and method of making are disclosed. The solar cell includes an acceptor layer a donor layer treated with a first quantum dot (QD) ligand and a blocking layer treated with a second, different, QD ligand. The acceptor layer has an acceptor layer valence band and an acceptor layer conduction band. The donor layer has a donor layer valence band and a donor layer conduction band, the donor layer valence band is higher than the acceptor layer valence band, the donor layer conduction band is higher than the acceptor layer conduction band. The blocking layer least partially blocks electron flow in at least one direction, the blocking layer having a blocking layer valence band and a blocking layer conduction band, the blocking layer valence band is higher than the donor layer valence band, the blocking layer conduction band is higher than the donor layer conduction band.

Quantum dot solar cells with band alignment engineering

In this invention, polyimidazole ligands (PILs) incorporating pendant imidazole moieties for nanocrystal binding and either sulfonatebetaine, carboxybetaine, or phosphocholinebetaine moieties for water-solubilization have been developed. Greatly enhanced stability of nanocrystals (both over time and in wide pH range) was achieved by incorporating multi-dentate imidazole moieties which provide strong coordination of the ligand to the nanocrystal surface and prevent aggregation of nanocrystals. Synthesis of betaine PILs was developed by modifying the synthesis of recently developed PEG containing poly imidazole ligands (PEG PILs). These nanocrystals are compact, water soluble, and biocompatible.

Ligands for semiconductor nanocrystals

A controlled valency semiconductor nanocrystal can have a desired number of compounds associated with it. The semiconductor nanocrystal can have exactly one compound associated with it, and the compound can have exactly one binding site for an affinity target. The semiconductor nanocrystal can be used to image single copies of cell-surface proteins.

Controlled modification of semiconductor nanocrystals

In certain embodiments, an apparatus for down-converting and detecting photons includes a detector layer and a nanocrystal layer. The nanocrystal layer includes nanocrystals operable to absorb first photons of a higher energy and emit second photons of a lower energy in response to the absorption. The detector layer is configured to detect the second photons. In certain embodiments, a method for manufacturing an apparatus for down-converting and detecting photons includes preparing an outer surface of a substrate. Nanocrystals are disposed outwardly from the outer surface. The nanocrystals are operable to absorb first photons of a higher energy and emit second photons of a lower energy in response to the absorption.

Down-Converting and Detecting Photons

We demonstrate reconstruction methods that allow imaging “around a corner“ using time-of-flight data. We show an algorithm to reconstruct hidden objects from scattered light and ways to estimate the volume of hidden cavities.

Moungi G. Bawendi

Papers

Quantum dot solar cells with band alignment engineering

Ligands for semiconductor nanocrystals

Controlled modification of semiconductor nanocrystals

Down-Converting and Detecting Photons

Multibounce time-of-flight imaging for object reconstruction from indirect light