抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Current research into semiconductor clusters is focused on the properties of quantum dots-fragments of semiconductor consisting of hundreds to many thousands of atoms-with the bulk bonding geometry and with surface states eliminated by enclosure in a material that has a larger band gap. Quantum dots exhibit strongly size-dependent optical and electrical properties. The ability to join the dots into complex assemblies creates many opportunities for scientific discovery.

Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules and single nanoparticles have been achieved at room temperature with the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Individual silver colloidal nanoparticles were screened from a large heterogeneous population for special size-dependent properties and were then used to amplify the spectroscopic signatures of adsorbed molecules. For single rhodamine 6G molecules adsorbed on the selected nanoparticles, the intrinsic Raman enhancement factors were on the order of 10 14 to 10 15 , much larger than the ensemble-averaged values derived from conventional measurements. This enormous enhancement leads to vibrational Raman signals that are more intense and more stable than single-molecule fluorescence.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/275/5303/1102.full.pdf

Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

/pdf/energy-level-modification-in-lead-sulfide-quantum-dot-4lpbtkbutr.pdf

Energy level modification in lead sulfide quantum dot photovoltaics through ligand exchange

High Open-Circuit Voltage in Heterojunction Photovoltaics Using Printed Colloidal Quantum Dots as a Photosensitive Layer

Quantum dots and chalcogenide glasses form the basis for photoluminescent films which are fabricated in microcavities to enhance light emission for coupling into waveguides.

Infrared Colloidal Quantum Dot Chalcogenide Films for Integrated Light Sources

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR08/MWS_MAR08-2007-004283.pdf

Photon-Correlation Fourier Spectroscopy on CdSe Nanocrystals

A novel technique combining electrospray and organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) has been developed for synthesis of VI-II quantum dot composites. CdSe nanocrystallites dispersed in a mixture of pyridine and acetonitrile were electrosprayed into the gas-phase in the growth zone of an OMCVD reactor and then incorporated into a ZnSe matrix grown by OMCVD. Hydrogen selenide and diethylzinc were used to deposit the ZnSe matrix at temperatures of 150 - 240°C. The ZnSe/CdSe quantum dot composites were characterized by visible absorption spectroscopy, room temperature photoluminescence and Auger electron spectroscopy. The optical properties of the composites are determined by the size of the original CdSe nanocrystallites.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1946427400415320

Moungi G. Bawendi

Papers

Energy level modification in lead sulfide quantum dot photovoltaics through ligand exchange

High Open-Circuit Voltage in Heterojunction Photovoltaics Using Printed Colloidal Quantum Dots as a Photosensitive Layer

Infrared Colloidal Quantum Dot Chalcogenide Films for Integrated Light Sources

Photon-Correlation Fourier Spectroscopy on CdSe Nanocrystals

Preparation of II-VI Quantum Dot Composites by Electrospray Omcvd