All our former experience with application of quantum theory seems to say:
{\it what is predicted by quantum formalism must occur in laboratory} But the
essence of quantum formalism - entanglement, recognized by Einstein, Podolsky,
Rosen and Schr\"odinger - waited over 70 years to enter to laboratories as a
new resource as real as energy This holistic property of compound quantum systems, which involves
nonclassical correlations between subsystems, is a potential for many quantum
processes, including ``canonical'' ones: quantum cryptography, quantum
teleportation and dense coding However, it appeared that this new resource is
very complex and difficult to detect Being usually fragile to environment, it
is robust against conceptual and mathematical tools, the task of which is to
decipher its rich structure This article reviews basic aspects of entanglement including its
characterization, detection, distillation and quantifying In particular, the
authors discuss various manifestations of entanglement via Bell inequalities,
entropic inequalities, entanglement witnesses, quantum cryptography and point
out some interrelations They also discuss a basic role of entanglement in
quantum communication within distant labs paradigm and stress some
peculiarities such as irreversibility of entanglement manipulations including
its extremal form - bound entanglement phenomenon A basic role of entanglement
witnesses in detection of entanglement is emphasized

Quantum entanglement

This Review summarizes recent progress of single-photon emitters based on defects in solids and highlights new research directions. The photophysical properties of single-photon emitters and efforts towards scalable system integration are also discussed.

Solid-state single-photon emitters

Quantum dots embedded in photonics nanostructures provide unprecedented control over the interaction between light and matter. This review gives an overview of the theoretical principles involved, as well as applications ranging from high-precision quantum electrodynamics experiments to quantum-information processing.

Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures

Multiphoton interference reveals strictly nonclassical phenomena. Its applications range from fundamental tests of quantum mechanics to photonic quantum information processing, where a significant fraction of key experiments achieved so far comes from multiphoton state manipulation. The progress, both theoretical and experimental, of this rapidly advancing research is reviewed. The emphasis is given to the creation of photonic entanglement of various forms, tests of the completeness of quantum mechanics (in particular, violations of local realism), quantum information protocols for quantum communication (e.g., quantum teleportation, entanglement purification, and quantum repeater), and quantum computation with linear optics. The scope of the review is limited to ``few-photon'' phenomena involving measurements of discrete observables.

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Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry

Quantum theory: Concepts and methods

We have investigated the optical properties of a single InAsP quantum dot embedded in a standing InP nanowire. Elongation of the transverse exciton-spin relaxation time of the exciton state with decreasing excitation power was observed by first-order photon correlation measurements. This behavior is well explained by the motional narrowing mechanism induced by Gaussian fluctuations of environmental charges in the nanowire. The longitudinal exciton-spin relaxation time is evaluated by the degree of the random polarization of emission originating from exciton states confined in a single-nanowire quantum dot by using Mueller calculus based on Stokes parameters representation. The reduction in the random polarization component with decreasing excitation power is caused by suppression of the exchange interaction of electron and hole due to an optically induced internal electric field by the dipoles at the wurtzite and zinc-blende heterointerfaces in the InP nanowire.

/pdf/longitudinal-and-transverse-exciton-spin-relaxation-in-a-1ti02kzsmw.pdf

Longitudinal and transverse exciton-spin relaxation in a single InAsP quantum dot embedded inside a standing InP nanowire using photoluminescence spectroscopy

Realization of an on-chip quantum network is a major goal in the field of integrated quantum photonics. A typical network scalable on-chip demands optical integration of single photon sources, optical circuitry and detectors for routing and processing of quantum information. Current solutions either notoriously experience considerable decoherence or suffer from extended footprint dimensions limiting their on-chip scaling. Here we propose and numerically demonstrate a robust on-chip quantum network based on an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material, whose dielectric function has the real part close to zero. We show that ENZ materials strongly protect quantum information against decoherence and losses during its propagation in the dense network. As an example, we model a feasible implementation of an ENZ network and demonstrate that quantum information can be reliably sent across a titanium nitride grid with a coherence length of 434 nm, operating at room temperature, which is more than 40 times larger than state-of-the-art plasmonic analogs. Our results facilitate practical realization of large multi-node quantum photonic networks and circuits on-a-chip.

Epsilon-Near-Zero Grids for On-chip Quantum Networks

The Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) supercoupling effect allows electromagnetic radiation to be fully transmitted through narrow distorted channels. ENZ materials are also able to control emission and interaction of quantum emitters. Here we propose the combination of both properties in order to facilitate distant quantum emitters interaction and form what we call an ENZ network for quantum applications. We show that such systems present very low losses and are able to coherently transmit radiation, making possible to excite other emitters or nanoparticles with high efficiency.

Epsilon-Near-Zero Systems for Quantum Optics Applications

部分的な“どの経路”のあいまい性があるランダムカスケードからのエンタングルメントの蒸留

Wurtzite AlGaAs is a technologically promising yet unexplored material. Here we study it both experimentally and numerically. We develop a complete numerical model based on an 8-band k→·p→ method, including electromechanical fields, and calculate the optoelectronic properties of wurtzite AlGaAs nanowires with different Al content. We then compare them with our experimental data. Our results strongly suggest that wurtzite AlGaAs is a direct band gap material. Moreover, we have also numerically obtained the band gap of wurtzite AlAs and the valence band offset between AlAs and GaAs in the wurtzite symmetry.

Nika Akopian

Papers

Longitudinal and transverse exciton-spin relaxation in a single InAsP quantum dot embedded inside a standing InP nanowire using photoluminescence spectroscopy

Epsilon-Near-Zero Grids for On-chip Quantum Networks

Epsilon-Near-Zero Systems for Quantum Optics Applications

部分的な“どの経路”のあいまい性があるランダムカスケードからのエンタングルメントの蒸留

Direct Band Gap AlGaAs Wurtzite Nanowires.