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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

A bootstrapping technique used to increase the intrinsic voltage gain of a bulk-driven MOS transistor is described in this paper. The proposed circuit incorporates a capacitor and a cutoff transistor to be connected to the gate terminal of a bulk-driven MOS device, thus achieving a quasi-floating-gate structure. As a result, the contribution of the gate transconductance is cancelled out and the voltage gain of the device is correspondingly increased. The technique allows for implementing a voltage follower with a voltage gain much closer to unity as compared to the conventional bulk-driven case. This voltage buffer, along with a pseudo-resistor, is used to design a linearized transconductor. The proposed transconductance cell includes an economic continuous tuning mechanism that permits programming the effective transconductance in a range sufficiently wide to counteract the typical variations that process parameters suffer during fabrication. The transconductor has been used to implement a second-order Gm-C bandpass filter with a relatively high selectivity factor, suited for multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in a very low-voltage environment. All the circuits have been designed in 180 nm CMOS technology to operate with a 0.6-V single-supply voltage. Simulated results show that the proposed technique allows for increasing the linearity and reducing the input-referred noise of the bootstrapped bulk-driven MOS transistor, which results in an improvement of the overall performance of the transconductor. The center frequency of the bandpass filter designed can be programmed in the frequency range from 6.5 kHz to 37.5 kHz with a power consumption ranging between 1.34 μW and 2.19 μW. The circuit presents an in-band integrated noise of 190.5 μVrms and is able to process signals of 110 mVpp with a THD below −40 dB, thus leading to a dynamic range of 47.4 dB.

/pdf/0-6-v-1-65-mw-second-order-gm-c-bandpass-filter-for-multi-39t181ge.pdf

0.6-V 1.65-μW Second-Order Gm-C Bandpass Filter for Multi-Frequency Bioimpedance Analysis Based on a Bootstrapped Bulk-Driven Voltage Buffer

A G m C complex filter approach with high IRR (Image Rejection Ratio) for Bluetooth wireless receiver application is presented in this paper. In conventional approaches, the filter order has to be increased to get more IRR, this makes the complexity of the filter increases. The filter architecture proposed in this paper is used to get the desired IRR with less number of stages. The proposed filter quality factor (Q) is increased and also consume less amount of power when compared with conventional filter designs. The proposed filter architecture is used for Bluetooth low energy receiver applications with a center frequency of 4MHz. OTA (Operational Transconductance Amplifier) with a 1.8 V supply voltage is used to design the proposed filter architecture in 180 nm technology. The OTA used in this paper is designed using 180nm CMOS technology which consumes a 54 µW amount of power. The proposed filter architecture is tested using spectre simulation model parameters and 55.4 dB IRR is achieved during simulation.

Complex Filter Design for Bluetooth Receiver Application

The complex-valued fixed dimensional adaptive filters (CFDAFs) can improve the performance and computational efficiency of complex-valued kernel adaptive filters (CKAFs), but have the challenge of over-coupling for the real and imaginary parts of complex-valued signals. To this end, this brief proposes a novel fixed dimensional adaptive filter for complex-valued signals named complex-valued random Fourier geometric algebra least mean square (CRFGALMS). On the basis of the framework of geometric algebraic adaptive filtering, the real and imaginary parts of complex-valued signals are mapped into random Fourier features space (RFFS) to improve the efficiency of the nonlinear mapping for complex-valued signals, respectively. The proposed random Fourier feature mapping based on the geometric algebra is endowed with superior presentation abilities in complex-valued domain as it can decouple the nonlinear mapping of the real and imaginary parts of complex-valued signals, efficiently. Simulations on nonlinear channel equalization are used to illustrate the superiority of the proposed CRFGALMS algorithm in terms of dimensionality and filtering performance.

Complex-Valued Random Fourier Geometric Algebra Adaptive Filtering

A CMOS widely tunable second-order Gm-C bandpass filter (BPF), intended to be used in multi-sine bioimpedance applications, is presented. The filter incorporates a tunable transconductor in which the responses of two linearized voltage-to-current converters are subtracted. As a result, the effective transconductance can be continuously adjusted over nearly three decades, which allows a corresponding programmability of the center frequency of the BPF. The circuit was designed and fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology to operate with a 1.8 V supply, and the experimental characterization was carried out over eight samples of the silicon prototype. The simulated transconductance of the cell can be tuned from 5.3 nA/V up to 19.60 μA/V. The measured range of the experimental transconductance varied, however, between 1.42 μA/V and 20.57 μA/V. Similarly, the center frequency of the BPF, which in the simulations ranged from 500 Hz to 342 kHz, can be programmed in the silicon prototypes from 22.4 kHz to 290 kHz. Monte Carlo and corner simulations were carried out to ascertain the origin of this deviation. Besides, the extensive simulation and experimental characterization of the standalone transconductor and the complete BPF are provided.

/pdf/cmos-widely-tunable-second-order-gm-c-bandpass-filter-for-2vz0770y.pdf

CMOS Widely Tunable Second-Order Gm-C Bandpass Filter for Multi-Sine Bioimpedance Analysis

This paper proposes a CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) for wide tuning range filter applications with reduced power dissipation. The tuning range can be extended by operating the OTA in weak inversion region as well as in strong inversion region. This can be attained by tuning the bias current, which results in the linear variation of transconductance (gm). A fifth order elliptical low pass filter is simulated with cutoff frequency tuning from 1.5 kHz to 1.6 MHz. Wide tuning range filters can be employed for multimode applications, which in-turns help in saving silicon area. A novel tunable resistor is simulated using twin well technology and its value ranges from 40 kΩ to 30 MΩ. The proposed circuit is simulated in SCL 180 nm standard CMOS technology with 1.8 V as supply voltage and achieves a dynamic range (DR) of 47 dB. Total power consumption of the circuit is 670 μW at 1.6 MHz.

A Novel Low Power G m-C Continuous-Time Analog Filter with Wide Tuning Range

This brief presents a low-power tunable $G_{m}-C$ complex filter for wireless receiver applications. The proposed design achieves an unconditional stability thanks to the internal negative feedback mechanism. This negative feedback helps in achieving a high-frequency shift and the negative transconductance of the circuit improves the Image Rejection Ratio (IRR) and Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of the proposed design. The proposed circuit has independent control over bandwidth and frequency shift which makes an attractive solution for multi-standard and multi-mode wireless receiver applications. A second order complex filter is designed for Long Term Evolution (LTE) application and used as a test vehicle to verify the proposed concept. The circuit is designed using a 180 nm CMOS process with a power consumption of $106~\mu \text{W}$ from a 1 V supply voltage. It is centered at 9.2 MHz with −3 dB bandwidth of 1.4 MHz and provides an IRR of 51 dB with a voltage gain of 45 dB. The total integrated in-band Input Referred Noise (IRN) is $70~\mu V_{rms}$ and FoM of 47 aJ is achieved. The area of the layout of the proposed design is $78~\mu \text{m}$ X $78~\mu \text{m}$ .

A Novel Complex Filter Design With Dual Feedback for High Frequency Wireless Receiver Applications

In this paper a complex filter is presented where the shift in the frequency is obtained using a linear frequency transformation. The linear frequency transformation in the proposed design is implemented using a complex impedance. A complex impedance is also proposed in this paper using a Fully Balanced Second Generation Current Conveyor (FBCCII). The FBCCII design used in this paper consumes 
$$84\,\upmu \hbox {W}$$

 of power and has an open loop gain of 47.83 dB with 
$$62.9^\circ$$

 of phase margin at 39.8 MHz unity gain bandwidth. A low power 3rd order complex filter is designed by linear frequency transformation at 40 MHz center frequency. The proposed complex filter achieves a bandwidth of 9 MHz with an image rejection ratio of 45 dB. The design consumes 1.5 mW of power and has a group delay of 12.5 ns. The figure of merit of the proposed filter is 0.007 fJ with a SFDR of 63.9 dB. The output noise of the design at 40 MHz center frequency is 
$$45.86\,\hbox {nV}/\sqrt{\hbox {Hz}}$$

 and integrated Input Referred noise is 
$$600\,\upmu \hbox {V}$$

. The design is simulated using a 180 nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 
$$\pm \,0.5\,\hbox {V}$$

. The circuit’s efficacy is verified and supported by PVT and post layout simulations. The area of the layout of the proposed design is 
$$0.624\,\hbox {mm}^{2}$$

 (i.e. 
$$260\,\upmu \hbox {m} \times \,240\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$

).

Generation of complex impedance for complex filter design using fully balanced current conveyors

This paper presents a lossy gyrator, which is used to implement a universal second order current mode filter. The proposed lossy gyrator uses conventional Second Generation Positive Current Conveyor (CCII+) as a basic building block, which has −3 dB bandwidth of 230 MHz and a total power consumption of $15.31\ \mu \mathbf{W}$ . A universal second order current mode filter is designed using proposed lossy gyrator, which achieves a high cutoff frequency of 18 Hz in low pass mode, a low cutoff frequency of 345 Hz for high pass, and a band pass response with resonating frequency at 90 Hz with a total power dissipation of $57\ \mu \mathbf{W}$ . Simulation is done using standard 180 nm CMOS technology at ±0.5 V supply voltage.

Current Conveyor based Novel Gyrator filter for Biomedical Sensor Applications

A high-performance CMOS, fully balanced second-generation current conveyor (FBCCII) is proposed to exclusively use CCII circuits in integrated circuit applications. In the proposed circuit, a current folding technique is applied to a fully balanced version of transconductance amplifier. The proposed FBCCII consumes 84 
 $$\upmu $$
 W of power and has an open-loop gain of 47.83 dB with 62.9
 $$^\circ $$
 of phase margin. The simulated input referred noise is 155 nV/
 $$\sqrt{\text {Hz}}$$
 @ 1 KHz and has a unity gain bandwidth of 39.8 MHz. A common mode feedback (CMFB) circuit is also proposed to improve the dynamic range of the proposed FBCCII circuit by 50 
 $$\%$$
 as compared to the circuit with-out CMFB. The CMFB consumes 170 
 $$\upmu $$
 W of power and has a bandwidth of 60 MHz. The proposed circuit is simulated using standard 180 nm CMOS process operating at $$\pm \,0.5$$
  V supply voltage. To verify the effectiveness of the approach, a fully differential variable gain amplifier with tunable gain from 0 to 30 dB is designed. Also, a bandpass filter with quality factor = 4 and bandwidth of 10 MHz is designed using the proposed FBCCII. A novel low-pass filter (LPF) using the proposed FBCCII is designed for bio-medical applications. The proposed LPF is a second-order filter with the cut-off frequency of 55 Hz and 121 nV/
 $$\sqrt{\text {Hz}}$$
 of input-referred noise. The LPF is designed at a supply voltage of $$\pm \, 0.5$$
  V, and the spurious free dynamic range of proposed LPF is 85 dB. The figure of merit of the LPF is 7.3 fJ. The layout area of the proposed FBCCII design is 6889 
 $$\upmu $$
 m
 $${^2}$$
 (
 $$83\,\upmu \text {m} \times 83\,\upmu \text {m}$$
 ).

$$\pm \, 0.5$$ V, 254 $$\upmu $$W Second-Order Tunable Biquad Low-Pass Filter with 7.3 fJ FOM Using a Novel Low-Voltage Fully Balanced Current-Mode Circuit

P. S. Veerendranath

Papers

A Novel Low Power G m-C Continuous-Time Analog Filter with Wide Tuning Range

A Novel Complex Filter Design With Dual Feedback for High Frequency Wireless Receiver Applications

Generation of complex impedance for complex filter design using fully balanced current conveyors

Current Conveyor based Novel Gyrator filter for Biomedical Sensor Applications

$$\pm \, 0.5$$ V, 254 $$\upmu $$W Second-Order Tunable Biquad Low-Pass Filter with 7.3 fJ FOM Using a Novel Low-Voltage Fully Balanced Current-Mode Circuit