Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

We consider 27 population and community terms used frequently by parasitologists when describing the ecology of parasites. We provide suggestions for various terms in an attempt to foster consistent use and to make terms used in parasite ecology easier to interpret for those who study free-living organisms. We suggest strongly that authors, whether they agree or disagree with us, provide complete and unambiguous definitions for all parameters of their studies.

/pdf/parasitology-meets-ecology-on-its-own-terms-margolis-et-al-4c6w2pahe6.pdf

Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited.

The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) contains a complete record of all published organic and metal–organic small-molecule crystal structures. The database has been in operation for over 50 years and continues to be the primary means of sharing structural chemistry data and knowledge across disciplines. As well as structures that are made public to support scientific articles, it includes many structures published directly as CSD Communications. All structures are processed both computationally and by expert structural chemistry editors prior to entering the database. A key component of this processing is the reliable association of the chemical identity of the structure studied with the experimental data. This important step helps ensure that data is widely discoverable and readily reusable. Content is further enriched through selective inclusion of additional experimental data. Entries are available to anyone through free CSD community web services. Linking services developed and maintained by the CCDC, combined with the use of standard identifiers, facilitate discovery from other resources. Data can also be accessed through CCDC and third party software applications and through an application programming interface.

https://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/2016/02/00/bm5086/bm5086.pdf

The Cambridge Structural Database

Statistics for Spatial Data.

This book is the second of two volumes in a series on terrestrial and marine comparisons, focusing on the temporal complement of the earlier spatial analysis of patchiness and pattern (Levin et al. 1993). The issue of the relationships among pattern, scale, and patchiness has been framed forcefully in John Steele’s writings of two decades (e.g., Steele 1978). There is no pattern without an observational frame. In the words of Nietzsche, “There are no facts… only interpretations.”

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/1941447

The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture

Adducts between BiF5 and SbF5 were prepared in liquid WF6 at room temperature. Sublimation of the product gave various volatile crystalline products with analyses corresponding to BiF5(SbF5)3, BiF5(SbF5)2, BiF5(SbF5)1.5, and (BiF5)nSbF5(n= 2, 3, or 20.6). The adducts (BiF5)nSbF5(n= 1 or 1.5), were also prepared. The BiF5(SbF5)n(n= 1.5, 2, or 3) adducts were of low melting point and of higher volatility than (BiF5)nSbF5(n 1). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed that BiF5(SbF5)n(n= 2 or 3) were isomorphous with tetrameric (NbF5)4, and an X-ray powder diffraction photograph of BiF5(SbF5)1. was very similar to that of BiF5(SbF5)n(n= 2 or 3), indicating that it was also isostructural with (NbF5)4. The BiF5(SbF5)3 structure likely consists of disordered BiF5(SbF5)3 tetramers, and BiF5(SbF5)2 likely consists of a mixture of disordered BiF5(SbF5)3 and (BiF5.SbF5)2 tetramers in the appropriate ratios. The molecular-beam mass spectra of SbF5(BiF5)n(n= 2 or 3) show fragment ions attributable to BiF5 and SbF5 as well as various associated pentafluoride clusters, including BiF5(SbF5)3 for the n= 3 adduct. The vibrational spectra of BiF5(SbF5)n(n= 1.5, 2, or 3) were similar and indicative of the presence of SbF5 and BiF5 units joined by cis-bridged fluorine atoms. (BiF5)nSbF5(n= 1, 1.5, 2, 3, or 20.6), were shown by X-ray powder diffraction photography to be isomorphous with polymeric trans-bridged BiF5 and therefore to consist of disordered BiF5 and SnF5 units linked by trans-bridged fluorine atoms. The trans-bridged polymeric BiF5-type structure of the adducts was further supported by their vibrational spectra. The behaviour of BiF5-(SbF5)n(n= 2 or 3) in WF6 solution is discussed. An estimated phase diagram for the system BiF5–SbF5 was constructed.

Preparation and characterisation of adducts of bismuth pentafluoride and antimony pentafluoride by vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography

A low-temperature (−78 C) 1:1 mole ratio reaction of Bl3 with As(SiMe3)3 produced the 1:1 Lewis acid-base adduct l3B.As(SiMe3)3 (1), whereas the identical reaction performed at room temperature (previously reported)1 produced the dimeric compound, [l2BAs(SiMe3)2]2 (2). Full characterization of compound 1 was conducted, including a single-crystal X-ray structural determination. The previously unreported X-ray crystal structures of 2 and Cl3 B·As(SiMe3)3 (3) have also been elucidated. Crystals of 1 belong to the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 13.8673(13), b = 17.5885(8), c = 22.8784(22) A, V = 5580.1(8) A3, Dcalc = 1.853g cm−3 for Z = 8, and the B-As bond length is 2.104(15) A. Crystals of 2 belong to the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 9.836(5), b = 13.682(3), c = 11.701(6) A, V = 1545.8 (12) A3, Dcalc = 2.088 g cm−3 for Z = 4, and the average B-As bond length is 2.13 A. Compound 3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 13.4109(2), b = 17.1371 (2), c = 21.7996(3) A, V =...

Further Investigations into the Synthesis and Characterization of Halo-Boron-Arsenic Compounds: X-Ray Crystal Structures of X3B · As(SiMe3)3 (X = Cl, I) and [I2BAs(SiMe3)2]2

The 1:1 mole ratio reactions of boron trihalides, BX3, with tris(trimethylsilyl)arsine, As(SiMe3)3, produced the 1:1 Lewis acid-base adducts X3B*As(SiMe3)3 [X = CI (1), Br (2)] and the dimeric compound P2BAs(SiMe3)2h (3)· Dimers were also isolated from the separate 1:1 mole ratio reactions of boron trihalides [X = CI (4), Br (5)] with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)arsenide, LiAs(SiMe3)2. X-ray crystal structures were obtained for 2, 4 and 5. Compound 2 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 13.644(3), b = 17.2564(17), c = 22.184 Ä, V= 5223.0(14) A, Dcaic = 1.621 gem\" for Ζ = 8; the B-As bond length is 2.108(11) Ä. Compound 4 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2\\/n, with a = 9.1273(8), b = 16.2295(16), c = 9.2550(11) Ä, V= 1369.13(24) Ä, = 1.470 g cm\" for Z = 2; the BAs bond length is 2.109(8) A. Compound 5 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2\\/n, with a = 9.1071(12), b = 16.552(3), c = 9.424(4) Ä, V= 1413.4(6) A , = 1.842 g cm\" for Z = 2; the B-As bond length is 2.113(6) A. Introduction Interest in boron chemistry with Group 15 elements has been directed mainly towards boronnitrogen systems, with significant attention given to boron-phosphorus reactions.\" Recently, an interest has developed regarding boron-arsenic compounds,\" and methods previously used for reactions of the heavier Group 13 elements with these pnicogens have been applied to boron systems. Drake synthesized three boron-arsenic Lewis acid-base adducts [ ^ B A s M e j (X = CI, Br, I)] from the direct reactions of the respective boron trihalides with trimethylarsine. Power et al. reported the syntheses of boron-arsenic compounds, including the dimer [PhB(Cl)As(/-Bu)2]2, νια a lithium halide elimination route. Likewise, Cowley and co-workers isolated two monomeric arsinoboranes, R2AsB(Mes)2 (R = i-Pr, r-Bu; Mes = mesityl) by the same method. Thus, we were encouraged to apply our methods of dehalosilylation and lithium halide elimination, which were successful in producing 13-15 compounds from the heavier elements, to the boron-arsenic system. As a result of our investigations, we have isolated and characterized five boron-arsenic compounds from the reactions of boron trihalides, BX3 (X = CI, Br, or I) with tris(trimethylsilyl)arsine, As(SiMe3)3, or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)arsenide, LiAs(SiMe3)2 : Cl3B«As(SiMe3)3 (1), B r 3 B ' A s ( S i M e 3 ) 3 (2), P2BAs(SiMe3)2]2 ()> [Cl2BAs(SiMe3)2]2 (4), [Br2BAs(SiMe3)2]2 (5), respectively. These compounds have been characterized by multinuclear N M R , electron ionization mass spectrometry and elemental analyses. The X-ray crystal structures of 2 , 4 ,and 5 are also presented. Materials and Methods General Considerations. All manipulations were performed under an inert atmosphere using general Schlenk and dry box techniques. Solvents were appropriately dried and distilled under dinitrogen prior to use. Literature methods were used to prepare As(SiMe3)3LiAs(SiMe3)2 was prepared via the 1:1 mole reaction of MeLi with As(SiMe3)3. BCI3 was obtained as a 1 Μ solution in hexanes from Aldrich and used as received. BBr3 (99.999% purity) was obtained from Strem Chemicals, Inc. and used as * Author for correspondence.

REACTIONS OF BORON TRIHALIDES WITH TRIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ARSINE AND LITHIUM BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ARSENIDE; X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF Br3B·As(SIMe3) 3 AND [X2BAs(SiMe3)2]2 (X = Cl, Br)

http://journals.iucr.org/c/issues/1987/09/00/a27361/a27361.pdf

Structure of dithionitryl hexafluoroarsenate(V)

In the southern Appalachian Mountains, compositions, structures, and dynamics of forest communities vary across steep topographic gradients, such as elevation and slope aspect, position on slope, steepness, and slope shape (Whittaker 1956). For instance, in mesic sites, the forest transitions across elevations from lower elevation cove hardwoods and hemlock forests to higher elevation northern hardwoods and, where the mountains surpass approximately 1,680 meters, spruce-fir forests. At mid and low elevations, cove forests on protected sites transition to oak-dominated forests on drier soils and finally to pine and xeric hardwood forests on exposed south- to west-facing sites. Despite a long history of human influence, remnant old-growth forests have survived across these landscape gradients and now comprise, in aggregate, one of the largest totals for old-growth acreage in eastern North America (Davis 1996).

Peter S. White

Papers

Preparation and characterisation of adducts of bismuth pentafluoride and antimony pentafluoride by vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography

Further Investigations into the Synthesis and Characterization of Halo-Boron-Arsenic Compounds: X-Ray Crystal Structures of X3B · As(SiMe3)3 (X = Cl, I) and [I2BAs(SiMe3)2]2

REACTIONS OF BORON TRIHALIDES WITH TRIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ARSINE AND LITHIUM BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ARSENIDE; X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF Br3B·As(SIMe3) 3 AND [X2BAs(SiMe3)2]2 (X = Cl, Br)

Structure of dithionitryl hexafluoroarsenate(V)

Old-Growth Forests in the Southern Appalachians: Dynamics and Conservation Frameworks