People in different cultures have strikingly different construals of the self, of others, and of the interdependence of the 2. These construals can influence, and in many cases determine, the very nature of individual experience, including cognition, emotion, and motivation. Many Asian cultures have distinct conceptions of individuality that insist on the fundamental relatedness of individuals to each other. The emphasis is on attending to others, fitting in, and harmonious interdependence with them. American culture neither assumes nor values such an overt connectedness among individuals. In contrast, individuals seek to maintain their independence from others by attending to the self and by discovering and expressing their unique inner attributes. As proposed herein, these construals are even more powerful than previously imagined. Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of the self as independent and a construal of the self as interdependent. Each of these divergent construals should have a set of specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation; these consequences are proposed and relevant empirical literature is reviewed. Focusing on differences in self-construals enables apparently inconsistent empirical findings to be reconciled, and raises questions about what have been thought to be culture-free aspects of cognition, emotion, and motivation.

/pdf/culture-and-the-self-implications-for-cognition-emotion-and-2phi5i0grk.pdf

Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.

A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

Past work has documented and described major patterns of adaptive and maladaptive behavior: the mastery-oriented and the helpless patterns. In this article, we present a research-based model that accounts for these patterns in terms of underlying psychological processes. The model specifies how individuals' implicit theories orient them toward particular goals and how these goals set up the different patterns. Indeed, we show how each feature (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) of the adaptive and maladaptive patterns can be seen to follow directly from different goals. We then examine the generality of the model and use it to illuminate phenomena in a wide variety of domains. Finally, we place the model in its broadest context and examine its implications for our understanding of motivational and personality processes. The task for investigators of motivation and personality is to identify major patterns of behavior and link them to underlying psychological processes. In this article we (a) describe a research-based model that accounts for major patterns of behavior, (b) examine the generality of this model—its utility for understanding domains beyond the ones in which it was originally developed, and (c) explore the broader implications of the model for motivational and personality processes.

/pdf/a-social-cognitive-approach-to-motivation-and-personality-4r18vjg2jg.pdf

A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality

List of Tables About This Book Acknowledgments About the Authors Section I. Teaching for Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity 1. Introduction to Teaching for Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity 2. What Is the WICS Model? 3. Your Turn: What Is Your Pattern of Strengths? Section II. Why and How to Teach for Successful Intelligence 4. Introduction to Teaching for Successful Intelligence 5. How to Enhance Memory Skills 6. How to Enhance Analytical Skills 7. How to Enhance Creative Skills 8. How to Enhance Practical Skills 9. Your Turn: Identify Different Types of Teaching Strategies Section III. Integrating Teaching and Assessment in Your Classroom 10. Introduction to Integrating Teaching and Assessment 11. Matching Assessment and Instruction 12. General Guidelines for Developing Diversified Assessments 13. Assessing and Rating Memory Skills 14. Assessing and Rating Analytical Skills 15. Assessing and Rating Creative Skills 16. Assessing and Rating Practical Skills 17. Your Turn: Develop Different Types of Assessment Questions Section IV. Why and How to Teach for Wisdom 18. Introduction to Teaching for Wisdom 19. Three Wisdom-Based Thinking Skills 20. Six General Guidelines for Teaching for Wisdom 21. Reflection: How Can You Promote Wise Thinking in Your Classroom? Section V. Synthesis: Helping Students Achieve Success and Satisfaction in Their Lives 22. Introduction to Achieving Balance 23. How to Balance It All 24. A Word of Wisdom on Learning Goals 25. Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity, Synthesized Answer Keys Appendix to Section I: Suggested Further Readings for Those Who Want to Learn More About the WICS Model and Other Resources on Teaching Strategies Appendix to Section II: Mnemonic Techniques and Strategies Appendix to Section III: Cross-Reference of Sample Tables by Grade, Level, Content Area, Response Format, and Cognitive Skill Assessed References Index

Teaching for Wisdom, Intelligence, Creativity, and Success

Geohelminth infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm): Cognitive and developmental impacts

Giftedness as Developing Expertise

A NYONE WHO has taught or reared children knows that they think and learn in different ways. For ex ample, one child may love structure in learning tasks; another may hate it. One child may welcome new ways of doing things; another may fear them. One child may perform tasks in an orderly and systematic way; another may approach the same tasks in a manner that totally defies systematization. Learning differences are not tied solely to ability levels. Children also differ with respect to styles or the ways in which they pre fer to use their intelligence. Styles are propensities rather than abilities: they are ways of directing the intellect that an in dividual finds comfortable. Much has been written durin.2 the Dast

Thinking Styles: Keys to Understanding Student Performance.

Hate is among the most powerful of human emotions - it has caused great sorrow and suffering - and yet it has been understudied by psychologists. The Psychology of Hate is a groundbreaking book that brings together experts on the psychology of hate to present their diverse viewpoints in a single volume. The contributors address a set of questions that include: How do you conceptualize hate and what evidence is there for this conceptualization? What do you see as the role of hate in terrorism, massacres, and genocides? How can hate be assessed? The volume additionally provides concrete suggestions for how to combat hate, and attempts to understand the minds both of those who hate and those who are hated.

Robert J. Sternberg

Papers

Teaching for Wisdom, Intelligence, Creativity, and Success

Geohelminth infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm): Cognitive and developmental impacts

Giftedness as Developing Expertise

Thinking Styles: Keys to Understanding Student Performance.

The psychology of hate