Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures.

To obtain a semi-theoretical equation for the excess Gibbs energy of a liquid mixture, Guggenheim's quasi-chemical analysis is generalized through introduction of the local area fraction as the primary concentration variable. The resulting universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) equation uses only two adjustable parameters per binary. Extension to multicomponent systems requires no ternary (or higher) parameters.

The UNIQUAC equation gives good representation of both vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria for binary and multicomponent mixtures containing a variety of nonelectrolyte components such as hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, amines, alcohols, nitriles, etc., and water. When well-defined simplifying assumptions are introduced into the generalized quasi-chemical treatment, the UNIQUAC equation reduces to any one of several well-known equations for the excess Gibbs energy, including the Wilson, Margules, van Laar, and NRTL equations.

The effects of molecular size and shape are introduced through structural parameters obtained from pure-component data and through use of Staverman's combinatorial entropy as a boundary condition for athermal mixtures. The UNIQUAC equation, therefore, is applicable also to polymer solutions.

Statistical thermodynamics of liquid mixtures: A new expression for the excess Gibbs energy of partly or completely miscible systems

 Many atmospheric chemicals occur in the gas phase as well as in liquid cloud droplets and aerosol particles Therefore, it is necessary to understand the distribution between the phases According to Henry's law, the equilibrium ratio between the abundances in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase is constant for a dilute solution Henry's law constants of trace gases of potential importance in environmental chemistry have been collected and converted into a uniform format The compilation contains 17 350 values of Henry's law constants for 4632 species, collected from 689 references It is also available at http://wwwhenrys-laworg 

/pdf/compilation-of-henry-s-law-constants-version-4-0-for-water-58il9q0ogv.pdf

Compilation of Henry's law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent

The Marangoni Effects

On the dynamics of phase growth

Utilization of nuclear fuels and management of nuclear wastes have become major topics of public discussion Under the auspices of the American Physical Society this study was undertaken as an independent evaluation of technical issues in the use of fissionable materials in nuclear fuel cycles, together with their principal economic, environmental, health and safety implications Reprocessing and recycling in light water reactors were examined, along with technical measures proposed as possible safeguards; advanced reactor fuel cycles were also studied for their resource and safeguards implications Much of the work of the group centered on the principal alternatives for disposal of radioactive wastes and control of effluents The group examined the research and development programs sponsored by government agencies along with associated relationships among agencies and between government and private industry Available information was also considered on nuclear fuel resources, and on important economic and environmental aspects of the various fuel cycles in order to strive for a balanced comparative study The report presents many conclusions on various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycles and also provides recommendations concerning present utilization and future improvement of fuel cycle technology

Report to the American Physical Society by the study group on nuclear fuel cycles and waste management

Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Water, Sulfuric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, and Alkaline Sodium Sulfite Aqueous Solutions

/pdf/influence-of-surface-turbulence-and-surfactants-on-gas-56sgf3bfxn.pdf

Influence of Surface Turbulence and Surfactants on Gas Transport through Liquid Interfaces

In connection with a study of the mechanism of gas absorption the problem arose of predicting absorption rates into laminar liquid jets. A solution to the problem is presented in this paper, which provides an example of the application of fluid dynamics to the analysis of mass transfer in a complex flow system.

The water jets considered here issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm diameter, flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of solute gas at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. Equations describing the liquid flow near the jet surface are deduced from measurements of jet diameter and analogy to related flow situations. When one uses these equations, absorption rates are predicted from unsteady state diffusion theory with the assumption of interfacial equilibrium. The predicted rates for carbon dioxide at 25°C are in close agreement with experimental determinations over the observed range of contact time of the liquid with gas, namely 0.003 to 0.04 sec.

Fluid dynamics and diffusion calculations for laminar liquid jets

/pdf/equilibrium-theory-of-parametric-pump-3loep457sx.pdf

Robert L. Pigford

Papers

Report to the American Physical Society by the study group on nuclear fuel cycles and waste management

Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Water, Sulfuric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, and Alkaline Sodium Sulfite Aqueous Solutions

Influence of Surface Turbulence and Surfactants on Gas Transport through Liquid Interfaces

Fluid dynamics and diffusion calculations for laminar liquid jets

Equilibrium Theory of Parametric Pump