Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

PLGA-based nanoparticles: An overview of biomedical applications

http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/146/7/506/24126715/milmed-146-7-506.pdf

Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

The aim of this critical review is to provide a broad but digestible overview of mechanochemical synthesis, i.e. reactions conducted by grinding solid reactants together with no or minimal solvent. Although mechanochemistry has historically been a sideline approach to synthesis it may soon move into the mainstream because it is increasingly apparent that it can be practical, and even advantageous, and because of the opportunities it provides for developing more sustainable methods. Concentrating on recent advances, this article covers industrial aspects, inorganic materials, organic synthesis, cocrystallisation, pharmaceutical aspects, metal complexes (including metal–organic frameworks), supramolecular aspects and characterization methods. The historical development, mechanistic aspects, limitations and opportunities are also discussed (314 references).

/pdf/mechanochemistry-opportunities-for-new-and-cleaner-synthesis-15fcwynvnd.pdf

Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis

Cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical solubilizers.

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) causes systemic toxicity thereby limiting its use; hence, transdermal delivery would be a possible alternative Method: A comparative in vitro/in vivo study was done to see the effect of the two-tier system of chemical and physical enhancers MTX was loaded into polyacrylamide-based hydrogel patch to see the effect of enhancers Result: Flux enhancement (161%) of MTX was achieved when ternary mixture of ethyl acetate:menthol:ethanol (1:1:1) was used in combination with square-wave iontophoresis for 1hour Lower flux enhancement of 71%, 83%, and 935% was obtained in vitro with neat ethyl acetate, its binary composition with ethanol, and its ternary composition with ethanol and menthol, respectively, as compared to passive However, with square-wave iontophoresis, it increased to 126%, 140%, and 161%, respectively The mechanism of flux enhancement was supported by biophysical tools such as attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), scann

Studies on in vitro and in vivo transdermal flux enhancement of methotrexate by a combinational approach in comparison to oral delivery.

Oral controlled release microspheres of rifampicin (RIF) were prepared in order to circumvent the required regular high dose of the conventional dosage forms for the treatment of tuberculosis. Rifampicin containing microspheres were designed by using a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, gelatin B, using a thermal gelation method. The microspheres were cross-linked with natural cross-linker, sucrose, to avoid the toxicities due to the synthetic di- and poly-aldehydes. This formulation was found to be controlled release for drug in the gastro-intestinal tract. Drug encapsulation efficiency was found to be in the range of 52–83%. These microspheres were characterized for; particle size analysis by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; in vitro release study by USP paddle apparatus and drug polymer interaction study using DSC and FT-IR. The results suggested that microspheres prepared by the above method were smaller in size, i.e. less than 60 µm and sucrose could be used as an in...

Gelatin microspheres of rifampicin cross-linked with sucrose using thermal gelation method for the treatment of tuberculosis

Validated stability-indicating densitometric thin-layer chromatography: application to stress degradation studies of minocycline

In the present study, toxicity of nanoparticles is evaluated for assessing their effect on liver and kidney. We have synthesized highly mono-disperse spherical and rod-shaped silver nanoparticles using reverse microemulsion and aqueous phase methods. These were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscope confirming the formation of different sizes of spherical-shaped and rod-shaped silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Acute toxicity of different shapes and sizes of Ag NPs and their modulations by using Withania somnifera were evaluated through biochemical and histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of Wistar rats. We also evaluated cytotoxicity in specific murin macrophages through confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity analysis indicates that median lethal dose (LD50) for 20, 50, and 100-nm size spherical and 100-nm rod-shaped Ag NPs was 0.25, 0.35, 0.35, and 0.35 mg/ml, respectively. We also calculated clinically important protein concentration to illustrate the efficacy of Ag nanomaterials. These studies indicated that 20, 50, and 100-nm spherical Ag NPs (35 mg/kg, 23 days) increased the biochemically important enzymes and substrate levels glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and urea concentration in serum, showing liver and kidney tissue damage. After 23 days of treatment of Ag NPs (20, 50, and 100 nm spherical), along with W. somnifera, toxicity of Ag NPs significantly decreased and marginalized. However, no significant changes were observed for 100-nm rod-shaped Ag NPs on normal liver and kidney architecture. Given their low toxic effects and high uptake efficiency, these have a promising potential as to lower the toxicity of Ag NPs.

Modulation of liver and kidney toxicity by herb Withania somnifera for silver nanoparticles: a novel approach for harmonizing between safety and use of nanoparticles

Glycolamide esters of ibuprofen (I), namely, unsubstituted (II), N,N dimethyl (III), and N,N diethyl (IV), were synthesized and studied for different physicochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties. They were comparable with I in respect of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity but did not exhibit reduction in the ulcerogenicity on oral administration. However, all three exhibited significantly better topical activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. In the same assay, they provided significant protection against inflammation when applied at a site remote to the inflammation site.

Roop K. Khar

Papers

Studies on in vitro and in vivo transdermal flux enhancement of methotrexate by a combinational approach in comparison to oral delivery.

Gelatin microspheres of rifampicin cross-linked with sucrose using thermal gelation method for the treatment of tuberculosis

Validated stability-indicating densitometric thin-layer chromatography: application to stress degradation studies of minocycline

Modulation of liver and kidney toxicity by herb Withania somnifera for silver nanoparticles: a novel approach for harmonizing between safety and use of nanoparticles

Activity profile of glycolamide ester prodrugs of ibuprofen