The coupling of aryl or vinyl halides with terminal acetylenes catalysed by palladium and other transition metals, commonly termed as Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction, is one of the most important and widely used sp2–sp carbon–carbon bond formation reactions in organic synthesis, frequently employed in the synthesis of natural products, biologically active molecules, heterocycles, molecular electronics, dendrimers and conjugated polymers or nanostructures. This critical review focuses on developments in the Sonogashira reaction achieved in recent years concerning catalysts, reaction conditions and substrates (352 references).

Recent advances in Sonogashira reactions

Microwave food processing—A review

Efforts to use microwaves in material processing are gradually increasing. However, the phenomena associated with the processing are less understood; popular mechanisms such as dipolar heating and conduction heating have been mostly explored. The current paper reviews most of the significant phenomena that cause heating during microwave–material interaction and heat transfer during microwave energy absorption in materials. Mechanisms involved during interaction of microwave with characteristically different materials – metals, non-metals and composites (metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and polymer matrix composites) have been discussed using suitable illustrations. It was observed that while microwave heating of metal based materials is due to the magnetic field based loss effects, dipolar loss and conduction loss are the phenomena associated with the electric field effects in microwave heating of non-metals. Challenges in processing of advanced materials, particularly composites have been identified from the available literature; further research directions with possible benefits have been highlighted.

Microwave–material interaction phenomena: Heating mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in material processing

Microwave heating is rapidly emerging as an effective and efficient tool in various technological and scientific fields. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of microwave-matter interactions is the precondition for better utilization of microwave technology. However, microwave heating is usually only known as dielectric heating, and the contribution of the magnetic field component of microwaves is often ignored, which, in fact, contributes greatly to microwave heating of some aqueous electrolyte solutions, magnetic dielectric materials and certain conductive powder materials, etc. This paper focuses on this point and presents a careful review of microwave heating mechanisms in a comprehensive manner. Moreover, in addition to the acknowledged conventional microwave heating mechanisms, the special interaction mechanisms between microwave and metal-based materials are attracting increasing interest for a variety of metallurgical, plasma and discharge applications, and therefore are reviewed particularly regarding the aspects of the reflection, heating and discharge effects. Finally, several distinct strategies to improve microwave energy utilization efficiencies are proposed and discussed with the aim of tackling the energy-efficiency-related issues arising from the application of microwave heating. This work can present a strategic guideline for the developed understanding and utilization of the microwave heating technology.

Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies

Microwave-assisted synthesis of metal oxide/hydroxide composite electrodes for high power supercapacitors – A review

The effect of hydrogen peroxide on polishing removal rate in CMP with various abrasives

Effect of potential drifts and ac amplitude on the electrochemical impedance spectra

Facile synthesis of palladium nanoclusters and their catalytic activity in Sonogashira coupling reactions

Characterization of non-amine-based post-copper chemical mechanical planarization cleaning solution ☆

Ru chemical mechanical planarization CMP was studied in slurries containing titania and potassium bromate at different pHvalues, showing that the Ru removal rate is enhanced at pH 2 or less. Potentiodynamic polarization studies indicate that thecorrosion current is enhanced in the presence of bromate, while the static etch rate experiments show that the etch rate is low.Potassium bromate increases Ru removal only at anodic potentials or during mechanical abrasion. Studies at different concentra-tions of abrasive and oxidizing agent reveal that the removal rate enhancement saturates at 0.75 mM bromate and 4 wt % titania.© 2010 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.3481948 All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted July 6, 2010; revised manuscript received July 27, 2010. Published August 31, 2010.

http://www.che.iitm.ac.in/~srinivar/PrePrint/RuBromate.Noyel.2010.pdf

S. Ramanathan

Papers

The effect of hydrogen peroxide on polishing removal rate in CMP with various abrasives

Effect of potential drifts and ac amplitude on the electrochemical impedance spectra

Facile synthesis of palladium nanoclusters and their catalytic activity in Sonogashira coupling reactions

Characterization of non-amine-based post-copper chemical mechanical planarization cleaning solution ☆

Potassium Bromate as an Oxidizing Agent in a Titania-Based Ru CMP Slurry