Ursula Ellenberg

TL;DR: It is recommended that tourists stay out of breeding areas and disturbance at penguin landing beaches is reduced, as stress-induced corticosterone concentrations were significantly higher at the tourist-exposed site, suggesting birds have been sensitized by frequent disturbance.

TL;DR: Being extraordinary sensitive to human activity with little habituation potential the Humboldt penguin proves to be a difficult focal species for ecotourism.

TL;DR: Protection of breeding habitat, linked to the designation of appropriately scaled marine reserves, including in the High Seas, will be critical for the future conservation of penguins and other ecosystem-based management methods must be developed to maintain marine biodiversity and ensure that ecosystem functioning is maintained across a variety of scales.

TL;DR: Yellow-eyed penguins may habituate to short and consistent approaches, but appear unsuitable for unregulated tourist visits at nest sites, and females were more flexible than males in their stress response pattern, and calm individuals appeared to adapt more readily than aggressive birds.

TL;DR: A review of threats faced by the world's 18 species of penguins is presented in this paper, where the authors discuss alterations to their environment at both breeding sites on land and at sea where they forage.