V. Di Lazzaro

TL;DR: These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application” and include some recent extensions and developments.

TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the LTP/LTD-like plasticity induced by TBS in the human M1 and the status of TBS as a possible new non-invasive therapy aimed at improving symptoms in various neurological disorders is clarified.

TL;DR: Preliminary experimental studies indicate a complex scenario potentially relevant to the therapeutic effects of NIBS, including gene activation/regulation, de novo protein expression, morphological changes, changes in intrinsic firing properties and modified network properties resulting from changed inhibition, homeostatic processes and glial function.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that excitability changes produced by repetitive activation of AP inputs depend on cerebellar activity and selectively alter model-based motor learning, which is highly suggestive that separate circuits in M1 subserve different forms of motor learning.

TL;DR: In vivo evidence is provided linking cortical beta activity to sensorimotor integration, and for beta oscillations in motor cortex being promoted by resonance in GABAAergic interneuronal circuits.