Showing papers by "Aalto University published in 1996"
TL;DR: Measurement scales for the resulting four dimensions of success—the development process, use process, IS product quality and impact of the IS on the organization—were developed and tested for reliability and validity, by studying the IS development projects in major Finnish companies.
300 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of empirical studies published by six leading English language accounting research journals from the USA, Europe and Australia, during the period 1984-1993, showed that accounting still is a rather local discipline by nature: both empirical evidence and authors are significantly clustered along country lines.
Abstract: Accounting research is torn between two competing forces On the one hand, a quest for general results and internationalization of financial markets calls for a global approach and international co-operation On the other hand, domestic institutional settings call for research that deals with the relevant problems of the existing accounting systems In this paper we address the issue of how global or local the accounting research community currently is through an analysis of empirical studies published by six leading English language accounting research journals from the USA, Europe and Australia, during the period 1984–1993 Our findings indicate that accounting still is a rather local discipline by nature: both empirical evidence and authors are significantly clustered along country lines We find that 77% of papers fall in a category where the origin of the researcher, data and the journal, is the same Especially there is a close link between the origin of the researcher and that of the data The interpretation of the empirical findings lead us to a view of competing research elites A powerful and currently dominating US academic elite is centred around The Accounting Review, the Journal of Accounting Research and the Journal of Accounting and Economics; and an emerging, mostly European elite around Accounting, Organizations and Society The functioning of research elites produces competing quality criteria which are intertwined with methodological and cultural issues The emerging “policentric oligarchy” of research elites helps to remove institutional barriers to the knowledge production process and offers legitimate outlets for a wider range of approaches
193 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide evidence of a contracting view of earnings management in the context of a debt-dominated capital market and find that the predicted and actual earnings management are in the same direction and the reported earnings depend on the dividend-based target earnings in Finland during 1970-1989.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors model international competition for foreign direct investment as a common agency problem using the theory of menu auctions developed by Bernheim and Whinston, and show that in the equilibrium of this game, a high wage country may be able to attract investment even though all countries use subsidies.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the assumption that the level of damage is unbounded and that pollution decay increases monotonically with the pollution stock is incorrect and that the feedback control law is discontinuous and nonmonotonic, implying that the globally optimal solution may be independent of the initial pollution level.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a conformal coatings was successfully applied to porous silicon layers, and the influence of the porous substrate structure on the deposition parameters was analyzed from the viewpoint of formation mechanism, growth rate, and layer composition.
Abstract: The deposition of conformal coatings into porous silicon layers was successfully demonstrated. Tin oxide films were formed from SnCl 4 and H 2 O precursors by atomic layer epitaxy. The influence of the porous substrate structure on the deposition parameters was analyzed from the viewpoint of formation mechanism, growth rate, and layer composition. The SnO x covered porous substrates were characterized by means of Rutherford backscattering, secondary ion mass spectrometry, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and ellipsometry. The mesoporous structure of the Si substrate uniquely determines the gas-phase diffusion and physisorption of the precursors. The processing parameters favoring chemisorption are more critical for porous silicon than those for a flat surface. Even a small decrease in the deposition temperature results in a considerable increase in the growth rate through gas-phase reactions, and the process becomes chemical vapor deposition-like. Conformal step coverage was obtained on extremely high (140 :1) aspect ratio pores if the deposition conditions were chosen such that chemisorption was the growth rate determining step in the process.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a measurement of semi-inclusive spin asymmetries for positively and negatively charged hadrons from deep inelastic scattering of polarised muons on polarised protons and deuterons in the range 0.003 < x < 0.7 was presented.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the assumption that a higher degree of decentralization, accompanied by a reduction in hierarchical levels, leads to intensified and effective horizontal communication across units and organization levels.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss various behavioral issues relevent for MCDM based on personal observations and experiments with human subjects, and pose questions rather than provide definite answers, rather than providing definite answers.
Abstract: Behavior decision theorists have studied human decision making in great detail. Since the late 1960’s, Einhorn, Edwards, Kahneman, Roy, Trevsky, and others have developed new thoeries to explain choice and decision behavior. Thus far this behavior research has had little impact on multiple criteria decision making (MCDM). Only a handful of MCDM-research have critically examined the behavioral underpinnings of our field. To improve the success of decision tools in practice, MCDM-research should pay more attention to the behavioral realities of decision making. In this paper, we discuss various behavioral issues relevent for MCDM based on our personal observations and experiments with human subjects. The spirit of our paper is to pose questions rather than provide definite answers.
58 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that the fraction of equity retained by the original shareholders is significantly positively related to the market-to-brook ratio, which is consistent with the Leland and Pyle (1977) hypothesis suggesting that original shareholders can signal the quality of their firm by their willingness to retain equity.
Abstract: Using a sample of Finnish initial public offerings, we find that the fraction of equity retained by the original shareholders is significantly positively related to the market-to-brook ratio. The result is consistent with the Leland and Pyle (1977) hypothesis suggesting that the original shareholders can signal the quality of their firm by their willingness to retain equity. Moreover, we find that management ownership's association with relative firm value is significantly positive at low ownership levels but insignificant at high ownership levels. This gives some support for the agency hypothesis which suggests that corporate value is a function of managerial equity ownership.
40 citations
Space Telescope Science Institute1, University of Milan2, California Institute of Technology3, Goddard Space Flight Center4, Yale University5, Colgate University6, Heidelberg University7, University of Central Lancashire8, University of Crete9, University of Southampton10, Carnegie Institution for Science11, University of Hawaii at Manoa12, Agnes Scott College13, Aalto University14
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore models to identify Pareto-optimal outcomes in two-party multiple program resource allocation post-settlement settlement negotiations, where the parties split a shared hard resource.
TL;DR: In this paper, a low-noise class AB buffer amplifier which has a rail-to-rail output swing while driving large resistive and capacitive loads is presented along with the test results.
Abstract: A low-noise class AB buffer amplifier which has a rail-to-rail output swing while driving large resistive and capacitive loads is presented in this paper along with the test results. The amplifier is fabricated in a 3 /spl mu/m double-polysilicon double-metal CMOS technology and has on-chip frequency compensating capacitors. The basic performance factors obtained in this design are: A/sub 0/=70 dB, GBW=5.5 MHz, SR=7 V//spl mu/s, and /spl upsi//sub n/=10nV//spl radic/Hz@100 kHz. With a supply voltage of /spl plusmn/5 V, the amplifier has a /spl plusmn/4.7 V output swing and features a low 30 /spl Omega/ open-loop output impedance. The total harmonic distortion is at a low -77 dB for a 7V/sub out,pp/ output level with the fundamental frequency of 20 kHz. From the test results, it is demonstrated that an overall high performance is achieved with this design.
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the potential for improving paper characteristics by controlling fibre properties is discussed, and the potential and limitations of these properties are reviewed on the basis of simple theoretical models based on Modified Shallhorn-Karnis models.
Abstract: This paper discusses the potential for improving paper characteristics by controlling fibre properties. Seven fibre properties were chosen as the basic variables describing the functioning of fibres in a network : fibre strength, fibre length, fibre width (perimeter), fibre coarseness, relative bonded area, specific bond strength and light absorption coefficient. Their potential and limitations are reviewed on the basis of simple theoretical models. Modified Shallhorn-Karnis models are used to describe the effects of fibre properties on tensile and tear strength (fracture toughness) of paper. Theoretical considerations demonstrate the strong dependence of light scattering coefficient of paper on fibre coarseness, the extent of lumen bonding and interfibre bonding. Both the optical and strength properties of paper are strongly dependent on fibre coarseness and on relative bonded area and bond strength. Forming stronger fibre bonds is one way of improving simultaneously the tensile strength and optical properties of paper.
TL;DR: In this article, an interior-point linear programming algorithm for multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) problems is proposed. But it is not shown how to use this algorithm in practice.
01 Apr 1996-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this paper, a large enhancement of 1.7 in deuteron polarization up to values of 0.6 was reported due to frequency modulation of the polarizing microwaves in a two liter polarized target using the method of dynamic nuclear polarization.
Abstract: We report a large enhancement of 1.7 in deuteron polarization up to values of 0.6 due to frequency modulation of the polarizing microwaves in a two liter polarized target using the method of dynamic nuclear polarization. This target was used during a deep inelastic polarized muon-deuteron scattering experiment at CERN. Measurements of the electron paramagnetic resonance absorption spectra show that frequency modulation gives rise to additional microwave absorption in the spectral wings. Although these results are not understood theoretically, they may provide a useful testing ground for the deeper understanding of dynamic nuclear polarization.
18 Aug 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a CMOS design of lowvoltage 5th-order elliptic low-pass GM-C filter with rail-to-rail common-mode input voltage is introduced.
Abstract: In this paper, a CMOS design of low-voltage 5th-order elliptic low-pass GM-C filter with rail-to-rail common-mode input voltage is introduced. The Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) inside this filter is a low-voltage rail-to-rail voltage-to-current converter (V-I converter). In this V-I converter, an N-type V-I converter cell is connected in parallel with its counterpart, a P-type V-I converter cell, to achieve common-mode rail-to-rail operation. Maximum-current selecting circuits are utilized to generate constant-gm output currents for this OTA. This 5th-order elliptic low-pass GM-C filter operates at a supply voltage of 3 V and has a cutoff frequency of 500 kHz.
13 Oct 1996
TL;DR: A CMOS implementation of a low-voltage, micropower 5th-order elliptic low-pass GM-C filter that provides a practical means for implementing very large time constants on-chip allowing single-chip solutions at very low frequencies.
Abstract: In this paper, a CMOS implementation of a low-voltage, micropower 5th-order elliptic low-pass GM-C filter is presented. The Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) in this GM-C filter design is implemented by a low-voltage voltage-to-current converter (V-I converter) working in the weak-inversion region. The transconductance can be tuned by control DC currents or DC voltage. This V-I converter can be used as a basic building block to construct low-voltage, micropower analog VLSI signal processing systems. Also, the filter provides a practical means for implementing very large time constants on-chip allowing single-chip solutions at very low frequencies. This 5th-order elliptic low-pass GM-C filter operates at a supply voltage of 3 V and has a tunable cutoff frequency from 140 Hz to 3.5 kHz.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the convergence of recursive, stochastic algorithms for economic models with learning is studied and bounds for local stability under learning of rational expectations equilibria are provided.
Abstract: Drawing upon recent contributions in the statistical literature, we present new results on the convergence of recursive, stochastic algorithms which can be applied to economic models with learning and which generalize previous results. The formal results provide probability bounds for convergence which can be used to describe the local stability under learning of rational expectations equilibria in stochastic models. Economic examples include local stability in a multivariate linear model with multiple equilibria and global convergence in a model with a unique equilibrium.
TL;DR: A decision model is developed for solving the discrete multiple criteria group secretary problem and relaxes the usual assumption of a fixed set of available decision alternatives and complete knowledge of a decision-maker's preference structure (value function).
Abstract: A decision model is developed for solving the discrete multiple criteria group secretary problem. The model extends the single decision-maker progressive algorithm by Korhonen, Moskowitz and Wallenius to group contexts. As the original progressive algorithm, it relaxes the usual assumption of a fixed set of available decision alternatives and complete knowledge of a decision-maker's preference structure (value function). The decision-makers are requested to settle on a compromise, if possible. The model then proceeds with determining the likelihood of finding possibly/surely better settlements (compromises). Linear value functions, linear prospect theory-type value functions, and quasiconcave value functions are considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural changes of confectionery sectors in Finland and the U.K. over the past two decades were investigated based on the early stages of an international collaborative project.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the hypothesis of sequential information arrival in the Finnish stock index futures and options markets and found that no causality relationships between returns and trading volume are observed.
Abstract: This paper investigates the hypothesis of sequential information arrival in the Finnish stock index futures and options markets. With no short selling restrictions in the derivatives markets, no causality relationships between returns and trading volume are observed. However, by using the so-called call-put signal, based on call and put volumes, causality between returns and volume is found supporting the hypothesis of sequential information arrival. In addition, it is discovered that the increased volume in stock index options relative to index futures has significantly increased their importance in the intermarket price discovery process.
01 Oct 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, a decision aid combines traditional data, subjective evaluations, and planning models interactively in order to improve the effectiveness of a wood-processing company consisting of mechanical processing, pulp, and paper industries.
Abstract: The developed decision aid combines traditional data, subjective evaluations, and planning models interactively in order to improve the effectiveness of a wood-processing company consisting of mechanical processing, pulp, and paper industries.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the entry and exit process in the Finnish manufacturing industry and derived from industrial organization theory and macroeconomic explanations from the theory of monetary transmission mechanism, using Poisson and negative binomial models in the estimation.
Abstract: We examine the entry and exit process in the Finnish manufacturing industry. Microeconomic explanations of entry and exit are derived from industrial organization theory and macroeconomic explanations from the theory of monetary transmission mechanism. Since the variables to be explained, the number of entering and exiting firms, are non-negative integers, we use Poisson and negative binomial models in the estimation. The data is a six year panel of three-digit industries. The results show that scale economies form a significant entry barrier, but the evidence on their role as an exit barrier is weaker. Concentration has a negative impact on entry, but this result is not robust to the choice of estimation method. Industry growth has a positive influence on entry and a negative influence on exit, but also variables describing the general economic climate have an influence on the entry-exit process. The variables describing the monetary transmission mechanism have an expected influence on entry. Credit supply has a positive and real interest rate a negative effect on entry. However, the role of the macroeconomic influences on exit is inconclusive. Past entry has a significant effect on exit, which reflects the displacement of old firms by new ones and the short life expectancy of new firms. Both entry and exit have almost unit elasticity with respect to industry size, measured by the number of firms in the previous period. Entry and exit rates are therefore practically independent of industry size.
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The competitive advantage of nations is closely related to how the governance of resources is accomplished under increasing competition and globalization of business as mentioned in this paper, and this paper describes the governance structures of large Finnish companies and their recent changes.
Abstract: The competitive advantage of nations is closely related to how the governance of resources is accomplished under increasing competition and globalization of business.
This paper describes the governance structures of large Finnish companies and their recent changes.
Old regulatory and corporatist governance structures are in crisis.
The future challenges are to balance:
long-term and short-term ownership
production and finance orientation
outside and inside expertise in management
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey where 28 executives from 17 European airlines were respondents and summarize their views on the reasons for the cost problem in major airlines and on the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operations.
Abstract: Summarizes European airline executives’ views on the reasons for the cost problem in major airlines and on the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operations. Presents a survey where 28 executives from 17 European airlines were respondents. In the executives’ opinion the cost problem in major European airlines is primarily due to high salaries and inflexible work rules. Of the various functions in airlines, general administration was seen as the least cost efficient, whereas flight operation was seen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Most respondent airlines had made route and fleet changes after the beginning of 1991 to reduce costs. Concludes from the survey results that privatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operations. Also, flexibility from the labour unions would be very much welcomed.
18 Aug 1996
TL;DR: In this article, two CMOS analog signal processing circuits which could find wide use in low-voltage VLSI applications are presented, which include a voltage-to-current converter (V-I converter) and a multiplier.
Abstract: In this paper, two CMOS analog signal processing circuits which could find wide use in low-voltage VLSI applications are presented. The two circuits include a voltage-to-current converter (V-I converter) and a multiplier. Both of the circuits can operate from rail to rail with a power supply of 3 V. They were fabricated in a 2 /spl mu/m N-well double-poly CMOS process by MOSIS. In either of the circuits, an N-type circuit cell is connected in parallel with its P-type counterpart to achieve common-mode rail-to-rail operation. For the V-I converter, a nominal value of a 200 /spl mu/S transconductance with a tuning range of 0.5 to 2 is obtained when the input signal swing is 1 V/sub PP/. For the analog multiplier, it is realized by a parallel connection of the two V-I converters. Both of the input signal swings of the multiplier are measured as 1 V/sub PP/ and 1.6 V /sub PP/, respectively.