Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1986"
TL;DR: The ability of the azopolymer coating to protect and deliver orally administered peptide drugs was demonstrated in rats with the peptide hormones vasopressin and insulin.
Abstract: The oral administration of peptide drugs is well known to be precluded by their digestion in the stomach and small intestine. As a new approach to oral delivery, peptide drugs were coated with polymers cross-linked with azoaromatic groups to form an impervious film to protect orally administered drugs from digestion in the stomach and small intestine. When the azopolymer-coated drug reached the large intestine, the indigenous microflora reduced the azo bonds, broke the cross-links, and degraded the polymer film, thereby releasing the drug into the lumen of the colon for local action or for absorption. The ability of the azopolymer coating to protect and deliver orally administered peptide drugs was demonstrated in rats with the peptide hormones vasopressin and insulin.
514 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the developmental tasks of siblingship in the United States from a life-cycle perspective are outlined based on a review of research, and some siblingship tasks are constant, weaving threads of consistency from birth to death, while others stand out as idiosyncratic to the context of a particular stage in the life cycle.
Abstract: Based on a review of research, this article outlines the developmental tasks of siblingship in the United States from a life-cycle perspective. The sibling support bond typically persists throughout the life cycle. Some siblingship tasks are constant, weaving threads of consistency from birth to death, while others stand out as idiosyncratic to the context of the particular stage in the life cycle.
257 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a field experiment was conducted with 40 computer programmers writing either a simple or a complex program, and half the participants were actively involved in discussing the project and in jointly determining the completion target, while the other half were simply assigned completion times of equivalent difficulty.
203 citations
TL;DR: There are two interrelated but distinct programs which go by the name "evolutionary epistemology" as mentioned in this paper, one of which attempts to account for the characteristics of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans by a straightforward extension of the biological theory of evolution to those aspects or traits of animals which are the biological substrates of cognitive activity.
Abstract: There are two interrelated but distinct programs which go by the name “evolutionary epistemology” One attempts to account for the characteristics of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans by a straightforward extension of the biological theory of evolution to those aspects or traits of animals which are the biological substrates of cognitive activity, eg, their brains, sensory systems, motor systems, etc (EEM program) The other program attempts to account for the evaluation of ideas, scientific theories and culture in general by using models and metaphors drawn from evolutionary biology (EET program) The paper begins by distinguishing the two programs and discussing the relationship between them The next section addresses the metaphorical and analogical relationship between evolutionary epistemology and evolutionary biology Section IV treats the question of the locus of the epistemological problem in the light of an evolutionary analysis The key questions here involve the relationship between evolutionary epistemology and traditional epistemology and the legitimacy of evolutionary epistemology as epistemology Section V examines the underlying ontological presuppositions and implications of evolutionary epistemology Finally, section VI, which is merely the sketch of a problem, addresses the parallel between evolutionary epistemology and evolutionary ethics
169 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: In "Of Wolves and Men" as discussed by the authors, the relationship between human imagination and the landscape is explored, and it is a celebration of a strange elemental landscape - of the animals and people who live there; of its history and future; of the dreams it inspires.
Abstract: A celebration of a strange elemental landscape - of the animals and people who live there; of its history and future; of the dreams it inspires. Above all it is about the relationship between human imagination and the landscape. The author also wrote "Of Wolves and Men".
168 citations
TL;DR: Several data sets collected on the Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth (1978) model of turnover were re-analyzed with path analytic techniques as discussed by the authors, and inconsistencies were apparent in the data for many specific linkages proposed by Mobley et al. The use of a causal modeling approach developed by Joreskog & Sorborm is proposed as a possible solution to some of these problems in future research.
Abstract: Several data sets collected on the Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth (1978) model of turnover were re-analyzed with path analytic techniques. Data analyses revealed support for three general hypotheses proposed by Mobley et al. These were: (1) that age has an indirect effect on turnover through job satisfaction, (2) that job satisfaction has an indirect effect on turnover through withdrawal cognitions, and (3) that intention to quit is the immediate precursor of turnover. Although the data supported these hypotheses, inconsistencies were apparent in the data for many specific linkages proposed by Mobley et al. Possible reasons for these inconsistencies include: (1) diversity of samples studied, (2) the unmeasured variables problem, and (3) construct measurement problems. The use of a causal modeling approach developed by Joreskog & Sorborm (1978) is proposed as a possible solution to some of these problems in future research.
156 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this monograph is to explore the role of serotonin and norepinephrine in the development of central nervous system disorders and the role that these disorders play in the decision-making process.
Abstract: THE NEW STOREHOUSE OF NEUROSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 77 THE QUEST FOR MEANINGFUL RESULTS IN PSyCHOPHARMACOLOGy . . . . . . . 83 FUNCTIONS OF MAJOR NEUROCHEMICAL SySTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Acetylcholine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 86 Serotonin . ... 87 Norepinephrine 88 Dopamine. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 GABA and Other Amino Acids . . . ... . . . . ...... ... . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . ..... 91 Nonopioid Peptides . 92 General Function of Brain Opioids 94 Other Transmitters 96 THE PROMISE OF NEW TECHNIQUES ...... . . . . ....... . .. . ... . . .. . ...... 96 CLOSING REMARKS, WITH A NOTE ON TRANSHYPOTHALAMIC "REWARD" CIRCUITS 98
148 citations
114 citations
TL;DR: This article used multiple-cue probability learning to study the effects of time pressure on judgment, and found that cognitive control deteriorated under time pressure while cognitive matching remained unchanged in complex cue-criterion environments containing curvilinear function forms.
112 citations
01 Feb 1986-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: Performance on the novel device, subjects' perceptions of the similarity among devices' functions and subjects' recall of the three training devices' operations, all provided data indicating that exploration-based training promoted the use of analogical reasoning in knowledge transfer and facilitated the induction of abstract device representations (schemas).
Abstract: This study compared exploration-based training and instruction-based training as methods of acquiring and transferring procedural device knowledge, and examined whether any differences in learning outcomes could be explained by the trainees' use of analogical reasoning from either abstract or concrete representations of devices in memory. The exploration trainees experimented with three analogous simulated devices in order to discover the procedures governing their operations, whereas the instructed trainees followed procedural examples contained in manuals. After a 2-day post-training delay, trainees were exposed to a novel transfer device, which was either analogous or disanalogous to the three training devices. Performance on the novel device, subjects' perceptions of the similarity among devices' functions and subjects' recall (written and behavioural) of the three training devices' operations, all provided data indicating that exploration-based training promoted the use of analogical reasoning in knowledge transfer and facilitated the induction of abstract device representations (schemas). No such claim could be made for instruction-based training. Implications for the future of exploration as a training method and suggestions for future research are discussed.
105 citations
TL;DR: Maternal social support was the best predictor of both level of stimulation and level of mother-child stress, relative to any SES, mother or child variables, and high stress, low support mothers provided significantly less stimulation to their children.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the theoretic underpinnings of a framework for the analysis of communication in ongoing social relationships and present results of a study of the relationships between symbolic interdependence and time spent talking in groups of premarital couples that were either separated geographically or living in close proximity.
Abstract: This article discusses the theoretic underpinnings of a framework for the analysis of communication in ongoing social relationships. A set of studies that have investigated various aspects of the framework are summarized. The majority of these studies have tested the notion that communication between members of ongoing relationships generates a shared view of the world that bonds relationship members. Relationship members who have achieved this type of bond are referred to as symbolically interdependent. The remainder of the article presents results of a study of the relationships between symbolic interdependence and time spent talking in groups of premarital couples that were either separated geographically or living in close proximity. Results supported the hypothesis that this relationship would be stronger in the group of geographically separated couples. Implications of the study are discussed as well as future directions for research on the perspective.
TL;DR: Convex posterior lenses with angled haptics have a low incidence of posterior capsule opacification, and lens designs that minimize the long‐term need for capsulotomy should be sought.
Abstract: The incidence of secondary capsulotomy was studied in a group of 757 posterior chamber intraocular lenses placed with the convex surface posterior within the capsular bag. Minimum follow-up was 12 months and ranged up to 61 months, with a mean of 33 months. In the first year, only 2.9% of cases required discission, but this rose to 15.7% at five years. The need for capsulotomy with angled-haptic lenses was 7.9% at three years; it was 15.0% with uniplanar lenses (P = .04). This difference appeared to be due to better apposition of the optic to the posterior capsule in the angled lenses, creating a more effective barrier to epithelial pearl migration. Capsulotomy carries significant risks and lens designs that minimize the long-term need for capsulotomy should be sought. Convex posterior lenses with angled haptics have a low incidence of posterior capsule opacification.
TL;DR: Thirty-nine litters of white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus) were followed from birth in nest boxes until establishment of home ranges in an isolated, 2-ha woodlot, suggesting the possibility of inbreeding.
Abstract: Thirty-nine litters of white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) were followed from birth in nest boxes until establishment of home ranges in an isolated, 2-ha woodlot. The sex ratio at birth was significantly biased toward males in the spring and females in the fall. Mothers were significantly heavier in spring than in fall. In the spring, 39 of 97 pups (40%) were weaned, while in the fall only 8 of 67 (12%) were weaned. After three weeks of age the expectation of further life was more than 9 weeks for spring-born and less than 3 weeks for fall-born mice. Young left the nest at an average age of 5.6 weeks. Mothers consistently retained their home ranges after young dispersed. With the exception of one litter, littermates did not aggregate after dispersal, but scattered throughout the woodlot. Males settled at an average of 75 m from the natal nest, females an average of 39 m. These small dispersal distances, coupled with a near absence of immigration and low spring populations, suggest the possibility of inbreeding.
TL;DR: In this article, the instructional behavior of teachers of mildly retarded (EMR) and learning-disabled (LD) elementary-aged students was used to predict reading achievement gain, using the Classroom Activity Recording Form (CARF).
Abstract: The instructional behavior of teachers of mildly retarded (EMR) and learning-disabled (LD) elementary-aged students was used to predict reading achievement gain. Teachers were observed for five 80-minute sessions using the Classroom Activity Recording Form (CARF). The 16 behaviors of the CARF are organized into three major headings; Teacher-Directed Instruction (TDI), Independent Work (IND), and Non-Instructional Activities (NIA). Achievement gain was measured using the vocabulary and comprehension subtests of the California Achievement Test. For both EMR and LD teachers, time spent in TDI was predictive of achievement gain; the single best predictor among the TDI behaviors was time spent in Teacher Questioning (TQ). These results are consistent with previous studies of elementary teachers in which effectiveness derived from an active, questioning approach to instruction. The results are less compatible with findings in special education programs, in which achievement was most closely associated with time...
TL;DR: The authors assessed the degree to which anxiety, hostility, depression, and metamemory predicted recall performance on a word list and a prose passage and found that different measures of anxiety related differently to performance.
Abstract: This study assessed the degree to which anxiety, hostility, depression, and metamemory predicted recall performance on a word list and a prose passage. Participants were 65 older (M = 68.7) and 65 younger (M = 19.0) adults. All participants completed a vocabulary test, the Metamemory in Adulthood instrument, the MAACL, the STAI, and prose and list‐learning tasks. Results indicated different patterns of personality predictors and some consistent metamemory predictors across tasks. Different measures of anxiety related differently to performance. Findings were discussed in terms of the complexity of memory performance, and the need for caution when choosing a measure of anxiety.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors incorporate recent advances in algal ecology into suggestions on how to design algal research for water quality assessment and methods for sample analysis, presents statistical techniques which can be useful for analyzing results, and reviews interpretations of the results.
Abstract: Algal studies are valuable in water quality assessment because of their importance in aquatic ecosystems and sensitivity to changes in habitat conditions. Recent advances in algal ecology and sample analysis enable the designing of research that more directly reveals patterns of algal community structure and function that are pertinent to different kinds of environmental perturbations. In addition, advances in quantitative algal ecology enable more accurate interpretation of the importance of environmental perturbations on algal community structure and function. This paper incorporates recent advances in algal ecology into suggestions on how to design algal research for water quality assessment and methods for sample analysis, presents statistical techniques which can be useful for analyzing results, and reviews interpretations of the results.
TL;DR: Applied Linear Statistical Models 5e uses larger data sets in examples and exercises, and where methods can be automated within software without loss of understanding, it is so done.
Abstract: (1986). Applied Linear Statistical Models. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 76-77.
TL;DR: Results of this study are consistent with the conclusion that each of the subject factors studied may prove to be of some relevance for a complete understanding of laterality and cognitive ability patterns.
TL;DR: In this article, two variables, initial impression and rating task centrality, were hypothesized to bias the recording of performance-related behavioral incidents used by raters during appraisal, and they were only partially demonstrated.
TL;DR: Ginseng has long been one of this country's major botanical drugs in foreign trade as discussed by the authors and it became a domesticated crop in the late 1800s and now is raised largely in northcentral Wisconsin.
Abstract: Ginseng has long been one of this country’s major botanical drugs in foreign trade. Once harvested only in the forests of the Eastern frontiers, it became a domesticated crop in the late 1800s and now is raised largely in northcentral Wisconsin. Growers there produce an estimated 90% of the cultivated ginseng in the United States. Most American ginseng has been consumed in the Orient, as is reflected in export records dating back to 1821. Over 95% of the nearly 21,000 metric tons (T) shipped in the period 1821–1983 went to the Far East. Hong Kong has served as the center for re-exporting ginseng to China and Southeast Asia. Ginseng has been used in Asia for many purposes, mostly as a curative agent. It has also gained increasing acceptance elsewhere in the world for its alleged value.
TL;DR: Photochemical action spectra of Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity confirmed the cytochrome P-450 dependency of both the mitochondrial and microsomal ecdys one 20-hydroxylase systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of different amounts and types of infomation on individuals' perception of attorneys and found that the word-of-mouth is the best strategy.
Abstract: The study examines the impact of different amounts and types of infomation on individuals’ perception of attorneys. Utilizing the concept of perceived risk, an experiment was conducted to test various communication strategies. The results, in part, confirm the “word-of-mouth is best” strategy adhered to by many attorneys. The study also sheds light on the impact of legal service advertising on indivduals.
TL;DR: This article found that white athletes scored higher than their black peers on every measure of academic potential, including ACT, SAT, high school rank, and high school grade point average, which translates into greater academic success in college for whites, both in better grades and a higher graduation rate.
Abstract: Data on all varsity athletes at a major university over a ten-year period were examined to assess the differences, if any, between whites and blacks in precollege academic preparation and college achievement. White athletes scored higher than their black peers on every measure of academic potential—ACT, SAT, high school rank, and high school grade point average. These differences in preparation translate into greater academic success in college for whites, both in better grades and a higher graduation rate. These findings confirm that schools with big-time sports programs tend to recruit black athletes who are academically marginal, thus a high rate of academic failure for them. The implications of this form of racial exploitation are elaborated.
TL;DR: In this article, the size and power of a test for the equality of the coefficients of variation from r normal populations were compared with two tests developed by Doornbos and Dijkstra and the test statistic is simpler to compute.
Abstract: Simulation study results are given for the size and power of a test for the equality of the coefficients of variation from r normal populations. Independent samples of equal and unequal size from the normal and three other distributions were used. The size and power of the test compare favorably to two tests developed by Doornbos and Dijkstra and the test statistic is simpler to compute.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different accompaniment and register conditions on string instrumentalists' intonation performance of scalar passages were investigated, and the results indicated that upper register performances with accompaniment below were significantly sharper (p <.05) relative to equal temperament, than lower register performances, which were also sharp.
Abstract: The effects of different accompaniment and register conditions on string instrumentalists' intonation performance of scalar passages were investigated. Forty-eight college-aged instrumentalists (12 each of violinists, violists, cellists, and double bassists) performed ascending and descending whole-tone tetrachords in the instruments' upper and lower registers. All performances were accompanied by prerecorded computer generated tones that formed four harmonic interval types with performance tones. Results indicated that upper register performances with accompaniment below were significantly sharper (p < .05), relative to equal temperament, than lower register performances with accompaniment above, which were also sharp. Descending tetrachords were performed significantly sharper (p < .01) than ascending tetrachords. Violinists evidenced the least overall deviation followed in order by violists, cellists, and bassists. The sharpness propensity observed in this study was consistent with previous research. I...
TL;DR: Historical evidence concerning salt supplies in West Africa suggests that availability was not uniform, and reports that blood-pressures in Senegalese and Gambians are lower than those in Nigerians may be a reflection of historical differences in salt supply.
TL;DR: This article investigated whether social desirability response bias is more closely associated with directly weighted subjective weights than less directly assessed regression weights, and concluded that social desire response bias was more closely related to subjective weights rather than to regression Weights.
TL;DR: Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase, the enzyme system that hydroxylates ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone was characterized in wandering stage larvae of Drosophila melanogaster and blood fed adult female Aedes aegypti using an in vitro radioassay in conjunction with analytical thin layer chromatography as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the problem of aggregating several partitions of a finite set into a single consensus partition, and showed that the dual concepts of clustering and isolation are especially significant in this connection.
Abstract: We examine the problem of aggregating several partitions of a finite set into a single consensus partition We note that the dual concepts of clustering and isolation are especially significant in this connection. The hypothesis that a consensus partition should respect unanimity with respect to either concept leads us to stress a consensus interval rather than a single partition. The extremes of this interval are characterized axiomatically. If a sufficient totality of traits has been measured, and if measurement errors are independent, then a “true” classifying partition can be expected to lie in the consensus interval. The structure of the partitions in the interval lends itself to partial solutions of the consensus problem Conditional entropy may be used to quantify the uncertainty inherent in the interval as a whole