Showing papers by "Coventry University published in 1993"
Book•
01 Jan 1993TL;DR: In this paper, the Lagrangian relaxation and dual ascent tree search were used to solve the graph bisection problem and the graph partition problem, and the traveling salesman problem scheduling problems.
Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: combinatorial problems local and global optima heuristics. Part 2 Simulated annealing: the basic method enhancements and modifications applications conclusions. Part 3 Tabu search: the tabu framework broader aspects of intensification and diversification tabu search applications connections and conclusions. Part 4 Genetic algorithms: basic concepts a simple example extensions and modifications applications conclusions. Part 5 Artificial neural networks: neural networks combinatorial optimization problems the graph bisection problem the graph partition problem the travelling salesman problem scheduling problems deformable templates inequality constraints, the Knapsack problem summary. Part 6 Lagrangian relaxation: overview basic methodology Lagrangian heuristics and problem reduction determination of Lagrange multipliers dual ascent tree search applications conclusions. Part 7 Evaluation of heuristic performance: analytical methods empirical testing statistical inference conclusions.
2,571 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of qualitative approaches in psychology, including measuring people, measuring variables, measuring samples, and qualitative analysis of qualitative data, and ANOVA for repeated measures designs.
Abstract: 1. Psychology, Science and Research. 2. Measuring People: Variables, Samples and the Qualitative Critique. 3. Experiments and Experimental Designs in Psychology. 4. Validity in Psychological Research. 5. Quasi-experiments and Non-experiments. 6. Observational Methods: Watching and Being with People. 7. Interview Methods: Asking People Direct Questions. 8. Psychological Tests and Measurement Scales. 9. Comparison Studies: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal and Cross-cultural Studies. 10. Qualitative Approaches in Psychology. 11. Statistics - Organising the Data. 12. Graphical Representation of Data. 13. Frequencies and Distributions. 14. Significance Testing - Was it a Real Effect? 15. Testing for Differences between Two Samples. 16. Test for Categorical Variables and Frequency Tables. 17. Correlation. 18. Multi-level Analysis: Differences Between More Than Two Conditions. 19. Multi-factorial Designs. 20. ANOVA for Repeated Measures Designs. 21. Choosing a Significance Test for Your Data (and Internet Resources). 22. Analysing Qualitative Data. 23. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research. 24. Planning Your Practical and Writing Up Your Report.
1,072 citations
01 Apr 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined and contrasted rural gentrification with contemporary debates over urban gentrification, and argued that comparative work should be undertaken to draw out both the commonalities and differences between rural and urban communities and also within gentrification in various rural localities.
Abstract: The term rural gentrification is examined and contrasted with contemporary debates over urban gentrification. A common root, in the displacement of a working-class populace by middle-class incomers, is identified and also criticised. Attention is drawn to debates current within urban studies concerning the definition of gentrification as a process of capital investment or as a means to purchase particular lifestyles, the role of reproductive work and service provision, and the possibility of diverse types of gentrifiers and processes of gentrification. The paper investigates, through a substantive study of households in four villages in Gower, whether some of these arguments can illuminate understandings of rural gentrification. Claims that gentrification is necessarily associated with home owners acting as capitalist developers or with an emergent service class are questioned and the possibility of ‘marginal gentrifiers’ is raised. It is also suggested that asymmetries in class positions of householders may be constitutive of rural gentrification. Finally it is argued that comparative work should be undertaken to draw out both the commonalities and differences between rural and urban gentrification and also within gentrification in various rural localities.
355 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the interview methods used by Anglo-American economic geographers in order to review the methods and techniques of interviewing can be found in this article, where the authors argue that there is no one "best" way of interviewing business owners and managers.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the conceptual debate on farm diversification, part-time farming, and pluriactivity is reviewed, with some advantages and disadvantages associated with each term highlighted, and an analytical distinction between farm-centred diversification and off-farm employment is made.
Abstract: The current restructuring of agriculture has resulted in many farm families adjusting their business activities as part of a survival or accumulation strategy. Considerable attention has been paid to the nonconventional methods farm businesses employ to raise income, being conceptualised variously as ‘farm diversification’, ‘part-time farming’ and ‘pluriactivity’ . These terms incorporate a complex multitude of possible options, the nature of which has led to significant differences in the interpretations of such concepts. In the first part of this paper the conceptual debate which is emerging in the literature is reviewed, with some advantages and disadvantages associated with each term highlighted. It is suggested that an analytical distinction between farm-centred diversification and off-farm employment, within the broader pluriactivity of farm households, can help to provide a focus for empirical work. To provide an illustrative example, some insights from the developing political economy of agricultu...
134 citations
TL;DR: The current toll of the Flores earthquake is 2080 deaths and 2144 injuries, approximately 50% of which are attributed to the tsunamis as discussed by the authors, and a tsunami survey plan was initiated within 3 days of the earthquake, and a cooperative international survey team was formed with four scientists from Indonesia, nine from Japan, three from United States, one from the United Kingdom, and one from Korea.
Abstract: On December 12, 1992, at 5:30 A.M. GMT, an earthquake of magnitude Ms 7.5 struck the eastern region of Flores Island, Indonesia (Figure 1), a volcanic island located just at the transition between the Sunda and Banda Island arc systems. The local newspaper reported that 25-m high tsunamis struck the town of Maumere, causing substantial casualties and property damage. On December 16, television reports broadcast in Japan via satellite reported that 1000 people had been killed in Maumere and twothirds of the population of Babi Island had been swept away by the tsunamis.
The current toll of the Flores earthquake is 2080 deaths and 2144 injuries, approximately 50% of which are attributed to the tsunamis. A tsunami survey plan was initiated within 3 days of the earthquake, and a cooperative international survey team was formed with four scientists from Indonesia, nine from Japan, three from the United States, one from the United Kingdom, and one from Korea.
133 citations
TL;DR: A basic introduction to the ideas of Tabu search is given, and some computational experiments on TS are reported, which tend to confirm the general opinion that when implemented efficiently, TS is a more effective search paradigm than SA.
Abstract: Tabu search (TS) is becoming increasingly recognized as an efficient way of finding high-quality solutions to hard combinatorial problems. It may be described as an intelligent meta-heuristic for controlling simpler local search procedures. However, reported applications have often used a ‘brute-force’ approach without considering the most effective use of the computing effort available. This paper intends firstly to give a basic introduction to the ideas of TS, and then it will report some computational experiments on TS in the context of machine sequencing. These have shown that it is important to define the balance between exploration of the solution space and exploitation of the information obtained. The results will be compared with those obtained from a proven Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm, which tends to confirm the general opinion that when implemented efficiently, TS is a more effective search paradigm than SA.
128 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that validity is often poorly distinguished from the allied concept of reliability and that purported claims for validity often only demonstrate reliability, and some of the methodological difficulties that may occur when attempts are made to demonstrate validity are considered.
Abstract: This article considers the role of measurement validity within physical therapy research. The concept of measurement validity is identified as a component of internal validity, and it is differentiated from the notion of reliability; these concepts are related to systematic and random sources of error, respectively. Using examples from physical therapy and rehabilitation, four main types of validity are reviewed: face validity, criterion-related validity, content validity, and construct validity. The differing implications of these types of validity for quantitative and qualitative research are discussed. Three principal areas of concern are then addressed, based on a critical discussion of selected examples from the literature. First, it is argued that validity is often poorly distinguished from the allied concept of reliability and that purported claims for validity often only demonstrate reliability. Second, it is claimed that validity is too often neglected in favor of reliability, and specific examples relating to gait analysis are put forward to support this argument. Third, some of the methodological difficulties that may occur when attempts are made to demonstrate validity are considered. The article concludes with a plea for a closer focus on the issue of measurement validity within physical therapy research.
124 citations
TL;DR: No evidence was found to support the stereotype of the "typical" ankylosing spondylitis patient as being less depressed than people with other forms of arthritis, and pain was finding to be a major determinant of depression for women, but was of lesser importance for men.
Abstract: Depression has been established as a common reaction to rheumatoid arthritis but has rarely been investigated among people with other forms of arthritis. The present study examined the prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms in people with ankylosing spondylitis, focusing on gender differences and set in the context of widely held medical views concerning the psychosocial nature of ankylosing spondylitis patients. Results showed that approximately one third of the ankylosing spondylitis patients reported a high level of depressive symptoms and that women reported more depression than men. No evidence was found to support the stereotype of the "typical" ankylosing spondylitis patient as being less depressed than people with other forms of arthritis. Pain was found to be a major determinant of depression for women, but was of lesser importance for men. The implications of these findings are discussed.
97 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a complex of channels underlying the Baginton-Lillington Gravel (Baginton Formation) at Waverley Wood Quarry, Warwickshire is described.
Abstract: A complex of channels underlying the Baginton-Lillington Gravel (Baginton Formation) at Waverley Wood Quarry, Warwickshire is described. Fossil pollen and plant macrofossils, Coleoptera, Ostracoda, Mollusca and Mammalia are described from the channel-fill deposits. Consideration of all the evidence allows the identification of four separate stages of channel fill which largely occurred under a cool temperate climate. At the top of Channel 2 evidence for a cold, continental climatic episode can be recognised, suggesting that the whole complex was deposited under a fluctuating climate at the end of a temperate stage. At two levels in the channels human artefacts were recovered confirming the presence of Palaeolithic people in Warwickshire during the deposition of the sediments. Amino-acid geochronology suggests an age within the ‘Cromerian Complex’ Stage for the channels. The small vertebrate and molluscan faunas indicate that the deposits are no older than the latter part of the ‘Cromerian Complex’ Stage of East Anglia. The regional stratigraphic significance of the Waverley Wood succession is outlined.
82 citations
TL;DR: The Farm Diversification Grant Scheme, introduced in the United Kingdom in 1988, encourages farmers to diversify their business activities on the farm as discussed by the authors, and both the "farm" and "farmer" characteristics of a sample of adopters and non-adopters were examined as well as the reasons for adoption and nonadoption.
Abstract: The Farm Diversification Grant Scheme, introduced in the United Kingdom in 1988, encourages farmers to diversify their business activities on the farm. In this paper, the Scheme is described and both the ‘farm’ and ‘farmer’ characteristics of a sample of ‘adopters’ and ‘nonadopters’ in England and Wales are examined as well as the reasons for adoption and nonadoption. The results indicate that adopters are drawn from larger farms, those with higher incomes and levels of borrowing, the younger, better educated farmers, and from farms where spouses are more actively involved in developing the business. Considerable resistance towards diversification was found among nonadopters, who have still to be convinced of the financial viability of this type of business development; to many, it is just not farming.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the results of a repeated-measures study of 10 wards, using activity analysis to describe patterns of care under an 8-hour compared to a 12-hour shift system, demonstrate a "pacing" effect by nurses who face 12 hours on duty.
TL;DR: A comparative study of members and non-members of self-help groups for AS patients along psychosocial dimensions including health locus of control, social support, and health behaviour found self- help group members were distinguished by a combination of factors including a low reliance on powerful others health locu of control beliefs, greater satisfaction with availableSupport, and increased frequency of exercise.
TL;DR: It was found that under the 12-hour shift both intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job satisfaction had been detrimentally affected.
Abstract: A before and after study was carried out amongst staff of 10 wards of a county hospital before and after the introduction of a 12-hour shift system for nurses. The purpose was to investigate the impact of the shift system on job satisfaction. Some 320 nurses covering all qualified and unqualified grades were surveyed using a standard job satisfaction attitude scale. It was found that under the 12-hour shift both intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job satisfaction had been detrimentally affected. Considerable dissatisfaction was expressed about hours of work, conditions of work and the impact of the shift on domestic and social arrangements. The vast majority 83% reported that they did not want to go on working the shift and there was support for the view that recruitment to nursing would be adversely affected by the shift.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: A leading article in a 1983 issue of the Wall Street Journal headed ‘George v. Maggie’ concerned a dilemma then facing President Reagan: in the long-running dispute over the practice, employed by some US state governments, whereby they taxed foreign corporations on the basis of their worldwide earnings (the "unitary taxation" controversy examined later in this book) how should the president balance the pressures flowing from the international environment on the one hand and domestic sensitivities, particularly those of California, presided over by Governor George Deukmejian, on the other? Foreign policy
Abstract: A leading article in a 1983 issue of the Wall Street Journal headed ‘George v. Maggie’, concerned a dilemma then facing President Reagan: in the long-running dispute over the practice, employed by some US state governments, whereby they taxed foreign corporations on the basis of their worldwide earnings (the ‘unitary taxation’ controversy examined later in this book) how should the president balance the pressures flowing from the international environment on the one hand — epitomized by the intervention of the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher — and domestic sensitivities, particularly those of California, presided over by Governor George Deukmejian, on the other? Foreign policy or domestic politics? Both—or more precisely an intricate blend of the two which has become increasingly familiar in the conduct of contemporary foreign policy.
TL;DR: In this article, survey data from return visits to a linear dune in the Namib Desert provide information about change in dune form over a decade and demonstrate that although change on these large features is slow, there is none the less considerable movement over this time-scale.
Abstract: Survey data from return visits to a linear dune in the Namib Desert provide information about change in dune form over a decade. The data demonstrate that, although change on these large features is slow, there is none the less considerable movement over this time-scale. The dunes are therefore confirmed to be currently active and not Pleistocene relics.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a summary of present knowledge regarding tsunamis generated as a result of the Storegga Slides, and show that there is relatively good agreement between estimates of tsunami runup derived from the sedimentary evidence and run-up values obtained from modelling experiments.
Abstract: Giant submarine landslides in the Storegga area on the continental slope west of Norway took place on at least three occassions during the Late Quaternary. This paper provides a summary of present knowledge regarding tsunamis generated as a result of the Storegga Slides. Most attention, however, is given to the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga Slide that took place circa 7,000 years ago. The tsunami generated by this landslide is believed to have struck most coastlines bordering the eastern North Atlantic. The paper summarises the geological evidence for the former occurrence of this tsunami. These results are compared with the results of recent mathematical modelling of the landslide and tsunami. Remarkably, there is relatively good agreement between estimates of tsunami run-up derived from the sedimentary evidence and run-up values obtained from the modelling experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors draw conclusions from two surveys of head teachers' views in the East Midlands Region of the U.K. They suggest a definition of the educational entrepreneur and identify the constraints which are holding back such entrepreneurial abilities.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In the context of federal political systems, these developments have built on the characteristic internal diplomacy between levels of government and added to them an international dimension in the continuing process of determining the appropriate role and responsibilities of governments in a political environment marked by boundary fluidity and issue complexity.
Abstract: It has been suggested in the previous chapter that related changes in the international and domestic environments within which public policy develops have produced, alongside the internationalization of the policy processes, a congruent ‘localization’. This development presents policy makers both with challenges, as local interests and politics intermingle to an increasing extent with those in the international environment, and also with resources which can be mobilized in varying ways to manage the resultant complexity and to achieve policy objectives. In the context of federal political systems, these developments have built on the characteristic internal diplomacy between levels of government and added to them an international dimension in the continuing process of determining the appropriate role and responsibilities of governments in a political environment marked by boundary fluidity and issue complexity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the self-diffusion of Cd in CdTe carried out in an atmosphere of excess Cd and in the temperature range 350-650°C.
TL;DR: Although all explant types developed some callus, callus occurred earliest and continued to grow fastest with hypocotyls, and media including 2.4-d or NAA gave the fastest growing callus.
Abstract: Root, hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of Sesbania bispinosa, Sesbania cannabina, Sesbania formosa, and Sesbania sesban were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with benzyladenine (BA; 2.22, 4.44, 8.88 μM) in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d; 2.26, 4.52, 9.05 μM), indolebutyric acid (IBA; 0.25, 0.49, 4.92 μM) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 2.69, 5.37, 10.74 μM). Although all explant types developed some callus, callus occurred earliest and continued to grow fastest with hypocotyls. Media including 2.4-d or NAA gave the fastest growing callus. Callus was subcultured up to 10 times at 20-day intervals and retained a rapid growth rate. Shoots regenerated readily from both hypocotyls or cotyledons but not from roots. Shoot organogenesis was most frequent with IBA (0.25–4.92 μM) in combination with BA (4.44–8.88 μM) and did not occur with 2,4-d. With each species at least one medium induced shoot differentiation from more than 50 percent of the callus pieces. With one exception, media containing IBA that induced shoot organogenesis on explants also did so in callus, but media containing NAA, even when effective with explants, did not cause differentiation of callus. Shoots that differentiated were excised and cultured on MS medium without growth regulators or with IBA (2.46, 4.92, 9.84 μM). Roots developed after 3–8 days on an appropriate rooting medium, often without IBA. Rooted plantlets were transplanted to pots in a greenhouse and developed into normal plants. Suitable media and protocols for initiating and subculturing callus and regenerating whole plants in vitro from callus and explants have thus been established for four species of Sesbania.
TL;DR: The AGENTS system is described, a domain-independent general-purpose Object-Oriented Prolog language for cooperating expert systems in concurrent engineering design and emphasis is placed on demonstrating the use of the AGENTS constructs for distributed knowledge representation and the cooperation strategies for communication, collaboration, conflict resolution, and control.
Abstract: A main theme of concurrent engineering is the effective communication between relevant disciplines. Any computer tools for concurrent engineering must provide sufficient constructs and strategies for this purpose. This paper describes the AGENTS system, a domain-independent general-purpose Object-Oriented Prolog language for cooperating expert systems in concurrent engineering design. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating the use of the AGENTS constructs for distributed knowledge representation and the cooperation strategies for communication, collaboration, conflict resolution, and control. A simple case study is presented to illustrate the balance between simplicity and flexibility.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the ethics of sports medicine warrant further and more detailed examination, by means of hypothetical case studies, which seeks to examine some of these issues within a sports medicine context.
Abstract: The ethical aspects of sports medicine have hitherto received little scrutiny, in contrast to its legal implications, which have recently been subject to much greater discussion. However, the differences that are apparent between sports medicine and 'mainstream' areas of clinical practice can shed new light on a number of the central issues within health-care ethics. By means of hypothetical case studies, this paper seeks to examine some of these issues within a sports medicine context. Specific attention will be paid to the concepts of autonomy and paternalism, issues to do with truthfulness, and the question of conflicting professional loyalties. It is suggested that the ethics of sports medicine warrant further and more detailed examination.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the development of environmental cognition in children, focusing on children's feelings and attitudes towards their everyday environments, and the influence of sex on their environmental competence.
Abstract: Part 1 Children's experience of place: children's direct experience of place and space children's indirect experience of place and space. Part 2 Children's environmental cognition - competing theoretical and methodological perspectives: theoretical perspectives on children's environmental capacity and competence methodological issues - uncovering children's environmental capabilities. Part 3 The environmental competence of children: factors affecting children's environmental cognition children's understanding of large-scale space and place children's use of maps the influence of sex on children's environmental competence an empirical evaluation of the development of environmental cognition children's feelings and attitudes towards their everyday environments. Part 4 Children's environmental needs: educational issues - geography and graphicacy planning issues - environments for children.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The dynamic sequencing of jobs through a multiprocessor system is one to which little attention has been paid, in contrast to the extensive literature on static sequencing problems.
Abstract: The dynamic sequencing of jobs through a multiprocessor system is one to which little attention has been paid, in contrast to the extensive literature on static sequencing problems. Yet in many real problems, to assume, as the static model does, that we know about all jobs that will arrive in the course of a processing cycle is hardly realistic.
TL;DR: In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of using one textbook in the teaching of an introductory course in economic geography are discussed, and it is argued that if careful thought is given to how a course text can be used, the advantages can outweigh the disadvantages.
Abstract: This paper outlines some of the advantages and disadvantages of using one textbook in the teaching of an introductory course in economic geography. It is argued that, if careful thought is given to how a course text can be used, the advantages can outweigh the disadvantages. Basing a course around a suitable textbook can be a beneficial way of teaching an introductory course, particularly if this is complemented by other teaching strategies. With this method of teaching, students have to take a greater responsibility for their own learning and this can provide them with a transition to independent enquiry.
01 Apr 1993
14 Jun 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical method is described for the conformal mapping of simply connected domains with piecewise analytic boundary, which is based on the first-kind integral equation formulation of Symm.
Abstract: A numerical method is described for the conformal mapping of simply connected domains with piecewise analytic boundary. The method is based on the first-kind integral equation formulation of Symm (1966). On each component analytic arc of the boundary, the end point singularities of the unknown source density σ are annihilated by introducing the classical Chebyshev weight w, so that σ/w may be approximated by a finite Chebyshev polynomial series. The coefficients in these series are determined by collocation. The method, which provides a problem-independent treatment of end point singularities, has the advantages that all nonsingular integrals may be efficiently computed via the FFT and singular integrals are known in simple and exact form. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the method and also provide experimental confirmation of the partial error analysis of the authors (forthcoming paper).
TL;DR: In this article, women's workloads in rural Africa are examined and explained, using examples drawn from many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and evidence that women are not receiving their share of the benefits of development, despite their significant contribution to that process, is presented.
Abstract: Women's workloads in rural Africa are extremely demanding in terms of time and energy. In a continent where fertility rates are high, literacy levels very low and labour‐saving technologies hardly available, women's duties in reproductive and productive roles are examined and explained, using examples drawn from many countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Evidence that women are not receiving their share of the benefits of development, despite their significant contribution to that process, is presented. Economic decline, and the attempts to ameliorate this by economic adjustment measures, have tended further to increase women's workloads. With cuts in government funding, education and health facilities are less available to the rural poor, with the burden of care being transferred to households. In many countries export crop promotion is drawing more fully into the market economy, where their labour is under‐valued and their time ‘stretched’ to give an even longer working day. Gender‐sensitive develop...